In 1927 during the first years of the Republic, the city of Istanbul was comprised of 7 districts (kaza, ilçe). These were Istanbul (Center),¹ Adalar, Bakırköy, Beyoğlu, Çatalca, Şile and Üsküdar.² The districts of Istanbul (Center), Adalar, Bakırköy, Beyoğlu and Üsküdar were included within the limits of Istanbul Municipality.

Beyoğlu and Üsküdar became provinces (vilayet, il) with the Constitution of 1924. However, they were included in the limits of Istanbul after a short while. Beyoğlu was set up as a district in 1924 and Üsküdar in 1926 along with Bakırköy and Çatalca.

By 1930, Istanbul was comprised of 15 districts. These were Adalar, Bakırköy, Beşiktaş, Beykoz, Beyoğlu, Çatalca, Eminönü, Fatih, Kadıköy, Kartal, Sarıyer, Silivri, Şile, Üsküdar and Yalova.³ Fatih, Eminönü, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş and Sarıyer districts were set up on 15 May 1930.⁴ As it can be seen from the decree⁵ on the establishment of these five districts, Beykoz, Kartal, Silivri and Yalova districts were set up before them.

When Eyüp, that was a subdistrict (nahiye) of Fatih, became a district in 1936, and the number rose to 16. This administrative structure changed after Şisli, that separated from Beyoğlu in 1954, was set up as the seventeenth district. Later, the number rose to 18 when Zeytinburnu, that was a subdistrict of Bakırköy, became a district in 1957. After that, Gaziosmanpaşa district took its place in administrative division in 1963, so the number reached 19. After that date, there was not a new district until 1987. 24 years between 1963 and 1987 was the longest period when there were not any new districts.

The population in Istanbul increased after intense migration as of early 1950s and new residential areas appeared. New districts were set up through administrative changes in these parts of the city. The internal migration wave that started in 1950s and the quarters that appeared later were reflected in the administrative structure with the establishment of districts of Şişli, Zeytinburnu and Gaziosmanpaşa.

A similar migration wave to Istanbul happened in 1980s. Rapid population increase and location developments were experienced in many residential areas around the city during this period. There were some administrative changes following these developments. Kâğıthane, Küçükçekmece, Büyükçekmece, Pendik and Ümraniye districts were set up in 1987 through a new arrangement and the number of the districts rose to 24. Following this trend, other districts were set up shortly after. Bayrampaşa became a district in 1990; Avcılar, Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Güngören, Maltepe, Sultanbeyli and Tuzla in 1992, and Esenler in 1993. Therefore, the number of the districts in Istanbul rose to 33 with 9 new districts that were set up between 1990 and 1993. When Yalova became a province (il) in 1995, the number of districts of Istanbul went down to 32.

The latest districts in Istanbul were set up on 6 March 2008. 8 new districts, namely, Arnavutköy, Ataşehir, Başakşehir, Beylikdüzü, Çekmeköy, Esenyurt, Sancaktepe and Sultangazi were set up within the limits of metropolitan municipality on that date.⁶ On the other hand, Eminönü was included into the limits of Fatih district and the number of districts in Istanbul became 39

Table 1- The population and area of the districts of Istanbul (2017)

* Refugees and foreign citizens living in Istanbul are not included.

** Lake area is not included.

Source: TÜİK, 2017 ADNKS data.

25 of the 39 districts in Istanbul are on the European⁷ side and 14 of them are on the Asian⁸ side. 24 districts (15 European and 9 Asian districts) are by the sea.

The total surface area of the districts in European side is 3,563 km² , which constitutes 65 % of Istanbul. The total area of Asian districts is 1,898 km².⁹

The biggest district of Istanbul in terms of area is Çatalca with 1,040 km². On the other hand, Güngören is the smallest district with an area of 7.21 km² (Table 1).

The total population of Istanbul is 15,029,231 (2017) and the population density is 2892.46. Esenyurt is the most populous district among the districts of Istanbul (2017). The smallest district is Adalar. Nearly 65 % of the population in Istanbul live on the European side and the rest is in the districts of Asian side (Table 1).

ADALAR

Adalar district in the southeast of Bosphorus is comprised of 9 islands in Marmara Sea and is close to Maltepe and Kartal. Two islands are uninhabited (Sivriada¹⁰ and Tavşanadası¹¹), one is private property (Kaşıkadası), one of them is still empty (Yassıada)¹² and five of them are inhabited (Büyükada, Heybeli, Burgaz, Kınalı, Sedef¹³). It is also one of the smallest districts of Istanbul with an area of 11.05 km². It had 14,907 inhabitants in 2017.

Adalar was one of the seven districts of Istanbul in 1927. In 1930, Büyükada that was central subdistrict had 4 neighborhoods (mahalle); Heybeli had 2 and Burgazada had 2 more.¹⁴ Büyükada had 4 neighborhoods called Cami, Maden, Nizam and İskele in 1934. Sedefadası was attached to central subdistrict then. Burgaz subdistrict was comprised of Burgazadası, Kınalıada, Sivriada and Yassıada. Heybeli subdistrict was comprised of only Heybeliada.¹⁵

In 1935, Adalar district was comprised of 3 subdistricts: Büyükada, Burgaz and Heybeli. Kınalıada was within the limits of Burgaz subdistrict. This administrative structure existed till 1965 and the subdistrict organization was abolished later. Today (2017), Adalar district is comprised of 5 neighborhoods administratively. Two of these neighborhoods, Maden and Nizam neighborhoods, are in Büyükada. Remaining three neighborhoods are islands: Burgazada, Heybeliada and Kınalıada.

Settlements in the islands, of which summer houses (second houses) constitute an important part, are in the areas which overlook the mainland. The northeastern part of Büyükada is the residential area, while in Burgaz and Heybeliada residential areas are overlooking Maltepe and Kartal shores.

There is a significant increase in population due to tourism during summer in Adalar district, that is one of the important summer resort areas of Istanbul. Daily tours at the weekends in addition to vacationers cause density.

Transportation to Adalar is through city line ferries and seabuses that work on Kabataş, Kadıköy and Bostancı lines. There are also motorboat trips from Maltepe and Kartal, and sea taxi. Transportation within the island is either on foot, by bicycle or horse carriage, as the use of cars is prohibited in the islands.

The population of Adalar district in the first census of Republic in 1927 was 12,310. The population reached 16,814 with a slight increase in 1935. However, there was a significant decrease in population in 1940 (20%) and the population declined to 13,325. The population of the district that increased in the following years reached its highest number in 1960 with 19,834. This number equals to an increase of 61% when compared to the data of 1927. Although there was a slight increase between 1960-1990, the population started decreasing after 1990. Adalar district was one of the 5 districts of Istanbul with a declining population during the period of 1990-2000. The population went on declining after 2000 and it went down to 14,907 in 2017. It qualified as the smallest district of Istanbul in every census except 1935 and 1960, as Şile was the smallest district during those years.

Table 2- Neighborhood population of Adalar

Source: TÜİK

Male population is higher in Adalar except the years of 1927 and 1940. Particularly, 1960 and 1970 are the years when the male population was the highest. 61% of the population was male in 1960. There was not such a distinct number during 1927 and 1940 when the female population was higher. 54% of the population was female in 1927 when the female population proportion was the highest. Today (2017), 52.6 % of the population is comprised of males.

According to the population data records, 39% of the population of Adalar district is from Istanbul. This proportion is the highest value after Çatalca; also, it shows that the majority of the population is not from Istanbul and they migrated to Adalar. Van, Erzincan, Malatya, Ordu and Tokat are the top provinces among people who are registered as from different provinces other than Istanbul. However, none of them constitute a significant proportion by themselves. People from Van constitute only 4% of the population following people from Istanbul.

According to the data of 2017, half of the population of the district is in Büyükada. Maden neighborhood of Büyükada is the neighborhood with the highest population in the district. It has 29% of the population. Furthermore, it was the only neighborhood with an increasing population between 1990-2017. Population declined in remaining four districts during these years. The neighborhood with highest decline is Heybeliada (Table 2).

The distribution of the population in terms of professions in the district in 1927 was as follows: Commercial activities (28%) ranked first, and it was followed by agricultural activities (24%) and industry (14%).¹⁶ 33% of the economically active population in Adalar district (6.568 people in 2000) are employed in community services, social and personal services group. This proportion is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector (25%). The share of manufacturing industry in employment is 13%.¹⁷

ARNAVUTKÖY

Arnavutköy district neighbors the Black Sea in the north and Eyüpsultan in the east. Başakşehir, Esenyurt and Büyükçekmece are in the south and Çatalca is in the west of the district. One part of the boundary with Çatalca goes through Durusu (Terkos) and one part of the boundary with Başakşehir goes through Sazlidere Dam Lake. Furthermore, a part of the boundary with Büyükçekmece goes through Büyükçekmece Lake. Arnavutköy ranks the fourth in terms of the size with an area of 506.55 km². It had 261,655 inhabitants in 2017.

Arnavutköy which is one of the new districts of Istanbul was set up on 6 March 2008, gathering 29 neighborhoods¹⁸ and 8¹⁹ villages under one administrative roof.²⁰ It was the development of Arnavutköy, the administrative center of the district, that led to the establishment of the new district. The district was comprised of 32 neighborhoods and 8 villages in 2010. It was comprised of 40 neighborhoods after the legal entities of villages were abolished in 2012.²¹ Today (2017), it is comprised of 38 neighborhoods.

Arnavutköy that constitutes the center of the district was a village under Boyalık subdistrict of Çatalca district in 1935. However, with the establishment of Eyüpsultan district in 1936 it was connected to the Rami subdistrict of Eyüpsultan. It was connected to Gaziosmanpaşa in 1963. Arnavutköy, where the municipality organization was present in 1990, became the administrative center of the Arnavutköy district founded in 2008.

Arnavutköy district was set up in 2008 and it had a population of 163,510. Its population raised to 206,299 in 2012 with an increase of 26% in four years. 5% of the population live in villages. Also, 52% of the population is male (2017), which means the gender distribution in the district is balanced.

Majority of the population (89%) is constituted by people who migrated to the area from different provinces of the country in Arnavutköy district where only 11% (2012) of the population is registered as from Istanbul. The provinces Arnavutköy received migration from are mainly Erzurum, Sinop, Kastamonu, Samsun, Ordu and Muş. The number of people from Erzurum is highest among others, and is higher than the number of the people from Istanbul. People from Sinop rank the third and people from Kastamonu rank the fourth. People from the Black Sea region rank the first with a share of 37% in terms of the geographical distribution of the population. This rate is followed by East Anatolia with 34% and by Marmara with 14%.

The population of Arnavutköy, which was the center of the district, was 433 in 1935. There was not a significant change in the population for a long time but it started rising rapidly in 1980. The first significant increase in the population happened between 1980 and 1990. It increased ten times more and reached 21,143 in 1990. These years coincided with the second migration wave of the Republic was experienced in Istanbul. The population went on going up after 1990. Arnavutköy became a settlement with a population of 37,556 in 2000 with an increase of 77% in 1990-2000. The population was 261,655 in 2017. However, administrative changes were the cause of this increase. Arnavutköy became the center of the district in 2008 and the population of the settlements which connected to the district were included in Arnavutköy.

Anadolu neighborhood (33,177 people) is the most populous place among 38 neighborhoods (2017) of Arnavutköy. Hadımköy (21,598), Islambey (18,832), Arnavutköy Merkez (18,695) and Yunusemre (16,085) neighborhoods are the main sites where the population gets dense. These neighborhoods have a population of more than 15,000. Hadımköy, which was a subdistrict center of Çatalca in 2000, was comprised of 2 neighborhoods called Hastahane and İstasyon. 3453 people lived in Hastahane neighborhood and 2446 people lived in İstasyon. After the administrative change in 2008, Hadımköy became a neighborhood under Arnavutköy and the population was 11,979 in 2009. The population in Hadımköy rose to 16,901 with 41% increase between 2009 and 2011. The industry that has been developing in the area and housing estates are among the primary reasons of this increase. Hadımköy, which was known with its military function until recently, became an area of rapid industrial development by 1990s.

Table 3- Neighborhood population of Arnavutköy (2017)

Hadımköy is one of the most important industrial centers of Istanbul with more than 400 factories and nearly 30,000 workers. 51% of industrial facilities started operating between 2000 and 2007 in Hadımköy where weaving, clothing, leather, chemicals, petroleum and plastic industries are dense.²² Other than Hadımköy itself as the primary spreading area of industry in the district, Haraçcı and Istiklal neighborhoods are also important industrial areas.

Hadımköy is the most important housing estate site of Arnavutköy in addition to industrial facilities. Houses constructed by TOKݲ³ and KİPTAŞ increased the importance of Hadımköy as a residential area. Mehmet Akif²⁴ and Atatürk²⁵ neighborhoods are other areas where housing estates are built in Arnavutköy.

There will be significant developments in Arnavutköy in the nearest future since the new airport of Istanbul was built in the north of Arnavutköy and the highway from the third bridge (Yavuz Sultan Selim) passes through the district.

Almost half of the land of Arnavutköy is a forest land. However, some parts of the forest land have been lost due to housing. A significant portion of Arnavutköy land is within Sazlıdere and Alibeyköy dams and Büyükçekmece and Terkos lakes conservation basin.

Arnavutköy is an important agricultural area where 9867 hectares of land is used for cultivation. Furthermore, Arnavutköy has 433 hectares of grassland and meadows. Mainly grown agricultural products are wheat, sunflower, barley and corn. Wheat has the biggest cultivation area and production amount. 4500 hectares of land was planted with wheat in 2012 in the district. Sunflower has 3200, barley has 540 and corn has 350 hectares of cultivation land.²⁶ Arnavutköy has 18,881 hectares of forest land.²⁷

ATAŞEHİR

Ataşehir, which is one of the newly established districts on the Asian side of Istanbul, neighbors Ümraniye in the north, Sancaktape in the east, Maltepe and Kadıköy in the south and Üsküdar in the west. It covers an area of 25.2 km² within these limits. It had 423,372 inhabitants in 2017.

Table 4- Neighborhood population of Ataşehir (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Ataşehir district was set up on 6 March 2008.²⁸ The district was created through gathering Yenisahra, İçerenköy, İnönü, Kayışdağı, Barbaros and Küçükbakkalköy neighborhoods of Kadıköy; Fetih, Esatpaşa ve Örnek neighborhoods of Üsküdar and Yeniçamlıca neighborhood of Ümraniye under one administrative structure. Moreover, Atatürk neighborhood of Kadıköy; Mustafa Kemal and Namık Kemal neighborhoods of Ümraniye and Ferhatpaşa neighborhood of Kartal were partially included in the limits of Ataşehir district. These neighborhoods, except Namık Kemal, are still present in their districts as neighborhoods. Four new neighborhoods called Âşık Veysel, Yenişehir, Mimarsinan and Mevlana have been set up in addition to these, so the number of the neighborhoods in the district reached 17. Mevlana was set up by being separated from Yeni Çamlıca neighborhoods.

The first population data of Ataşehir belong to 2008. District population was 351,046 that year. The population increased by 12% in four years and reached 395,758 in 2012. It rose to 423,372 people in 2017 and 51% of this population is comprised of females.

İçerenköy, Kayışdağı, Barbaros, Atatürk, Küçükbakkalköy and İnönü were the primary areas where the population was denser out of 17 neighborhoods of Ataşehir in 2017 (Table 3). İçerenköy neighborhood that had a population of 42,158 in 1990 was the most populous neighborhood of the district with 76,344 in 2017. İçerenköy is one of the most populous neighborhoods of Istanbul. İçerenköy, that sustained its position in Istanbul, was the fourth biggest neighborhood of Turkey according to the data of 2013.

The area where Ataşehir is located went through a rapid population growth period from the beginning of 1990s. Migration to the region played an active role at that time. According to the population registration data, Ataşehir receives migrations mainly from Sivas, Kars, Ordu, Giresun and Kastamonu. Around 12% of the population is from Istanbul and 10% is from Sivas. They are followed by people from Kars by 4.3% and people from Ordu by 4% (2012).

The Black Sea region ranks the first with 34% in terms of distribution of Ataşehir population into geographical regions. Central Anatolia (20%), Marmara (18%) and East Anatolia (17%) are the other regions with significant population numbers in Ataşehir (2012).

In 1920s, two villages called Erenköy and Küçükbakkalköy were in the area where Ataşehir district is located now.²⁹ Also, this area was a rural settlement where Taşhan, Karaman, Şerifali and Ferhatpaşa farms were and it protected its rural qualities until 1980s. Street names in today’s Ataşehir such as Çiftlik Caddesi, Çiftlik Sokak, Karaman Çiftlik Yolu, Karaman Çiftliği Yolu are the reminiscences from those days.

Küçükbakkalköy that was one of the settlements in this area was a small village with a population of 184 in 1935. The population in Küçükbakkalköy which was 1410 in 1960 started rising rapidly. It reached 12,752 people in 1980 after increasing twice as much between 1960-1970 and three times in 1970-1980. Küçükbakkalköy which was a village of Kadıköy during those dates, became a neighborhood of Kadıköy in 1981. The neighborhood had a population of 20,093 in 1990.

Another settlement here was Erenköy village³⁰ which was in the south of Küçükbakkalköy. When an Erenköy stop in Haydarpaşa-İzmit railway was set up and a new settlement was created with the name of Erenköy, Erenköy village which was far from the railroad was renamed as İçerenköy. İçerenköy was a neighborhood in Erenköy subdistrict in 1930.³¹

Other than these villages, there were farm settlements with the names of Karaman, Şerifali and Ferhatpaşa and several sheepfolds in the area. These settlements show the rural traits of the area. These names are still used as street (cadde), avenue (sokak), quarter (semt) or neighborhood (mahalle) names. Ferhatpaşa neighborhood and Şerifali quarter were named after these farms.

While Örnek and Esatpaşa neighborhoods, set up in 1950s, are among the oldest quarters of the district, Ferhatpaşa, Şerifali, Yeni Çamlıca and Yenişehir quarters are the places where settlement improved after 1980s. Emlak Bank Ataşehir Houses constructed at the beginning of 1990s, houses built by TOKI in 2000s, many other housing estates realized through other projects, residences built in recent years, Atatürk and Barbaros neighborhoods, all have became significant settlements. The part of Barbaros neighborhood particularly known as Batı Ataşehir became an important residential and professional center in mid-2000 through many luxury housing projects that have shopping malls, residences and offices in them.³²

Atatürk and Barbaros neighborhoods in Ataşehir are the areas where the number of business and shopping centers, residences and high-rise buildings increases day by day. Such constructions increased in number rapidly from the mid-2000s. The shopping centers that improved the trade function of Ataşehir are in Yenisahra, Küçükbakkalköy and İçerenköy neighborhoods.³³ İçerenköy where Carrefour opened its first branch in 1993 has been a quarter where international hotels opened their branches in recent years.³⁴ YEDPA Trade Center in Mimarsinan neighborhood and Bostancı Auto Industry in Küçükbakkalköy attract attention as the other trade and industry areas in the district.

When the construction of Istanbul International Finance Center³⁵ that was administratively in Site neighborhood of Ümraniye, but next to Ataşehir, and that offers an integrity with the projects in Ataşehir became definite, this decision caused a significant change and structuring in Ataşehir. The finance center whose construction started in January 2013 and planned to be finished by 2021 is located in the north of West Batışehir in Barbaros neighborhood.

Ataşehir Housing Estates that were constructed by Emlak Bank in 1992 were the first high rise luxury houses and were followed by several projects that were carried out from mid-2000s on.³⁶ These areas which kept their rural traits until nearest past were filled with high-rise buildings very fast, the population increased and this period played an important role in the establishment of the district.

AVCILAR

Avcılar district which is located in the west of Küçükçekmece Lake, has boundaries with Marmara Sea in the south and Başakşehir in the north. It neighbors Beylikdüzü and Esenyurt districts in the west and Küçükçekmece district in the east. The district gained these boundaries after the changes in 2008. While Yeşilkent neighborhood was partially included in newly established Esenyurt district, some parts of Bahçeşehir Part 1 neighborhood were included in Avcılar district. After these changes, Avcılar district now covers an area of 42.01 km². It had 435,682 inhabitants in 2017.

Avcılar district was set up on 27 May 1992.³⁷ It was established by gathering of Avcılar Merkez, Ambarlı, Cihangir, Denizköşkler, Firuzköy, Gümüşpala, Mustafakemalpaşa and Üniversite neighborhoods which were attached to Küçükçekmece. Two more neighborhoods, Yeşilkent³⁸ and Tahtakale in the north of the district, were established in addition to present ones later. Thus the number of neighborhoods rose to 10, and it is still so (Table 5).

Avcılar village which is the center of the district was founded by Turkish immigrants who came from Bulgaria in 1929 and bought Amindos farm and settled in the area. Avcılar village was attached to Yeşilköy subdistrict of Bakırköy district in 1935. It was one of the 18 villages of Bakırköy at that time. There was a municipality organization in Avcılar with a population of 3295 in 1965. After Yeşilköy subdistrict was abolished, it was connected to the central subdistrict of Bakırköy district in 1970. It was included in the limits of new Küçükçekmece district in 1987 until 1992 when it was established as a district.

Avcılar was a small village with a population of 340 in 1935. The population was 1222 in 1940 with an increase of more than three times. This increase had two important reasons. The first reason was that Ambarlı village joined Avcılar village. There were two villages in Bakırköy in 1935 with the names of Avcılar and Ambarlı. Avcılar had a population of 365 and Ambarlı had a population of 340. However, Ambarlı’s legal entity was abolished while Avcılar kept its presence in 1940 administrative division. Ambarlı became a neighborhood in Avcılar during those years but Avcılar village was registered as Avcılar (Ambarlı) in the records in 1945 and 1950.³⁹

Another reason why there was a population increase in Avcılar in 1935-1940 was war conditions caused by World War II. The decrease in male population from 65% in 1940 and 71% in 1945 to 56% in 1955 indicated this situation. Also, the population increased significantly in 1940 and 1945 but decreased by 34% in 1945-1950 after the war ended. This situation also refers to the war.

The population of Avcılar which was 1139 in 1950 increased rapidly after that date and reached 3109 in 1960. This rapid population increase continued in following years and reached 9854 in 1970 and 30,486 in 1980. The population tripled every decade between 1960 and 1980. However, the amount and rate of increase between 1980 and 1990 was much more significant. Population increased by more than four times and reached 126,493 in 1990.⁴⁰ Avcılar was a settlement with 8 neighborhoods⁴¹ then.

The establishment of Avcılar as a district played an important role in the increase of population. The population of it reached 233,749 in 2000. Its population rose to 435,682 in 2017. Whole population is the urban population because the district does not have any villages. 50% of the population of the district is male. However, the male population was prominently higher due to military reasons in Avcılar village in 1940 and 1945. In 1960 (66%) and 1970 (61%) when the male population was higher due to the fact that Avcılar received lots of migration and the number of men who migrated to work in the area was higher.

Source: TÜİK

Yeşilkent neighborhood, which is the latest neighborhood to be set up, has the highest population in Avcılar. Established in 2002, Yeşilkent has a population of 71,783 (2017) and it constitutes 16% of Avcılar. Yeşilkent is one of the most populous neighborhoods of Istanbul. In addition, Cihangir and Tahtakale are the main quarters where the population is over 50,000 (Table 4). Firuzköy was the only neighborhood with a decreasing population (37%) in the district between 2000 and 2011. The separation of Yeşilköy neighborhood from Firuzköy in 2002 was the primary reason of this decline. On the other hand, Tahtakale was the neighborhood with the highest increase in its population in Avcılar district. Settlement structuring in recent years in Tahtakale which is the most important housing estate area of Avcılar is the reason for this increase.

Ambarlı Filling Facilities (1959) which are out of the boundaries of the district and Ambarlı Thermal Power Plant whose construction started in 1964 played an effective role in the industrialization of this region. The first industry establishment that was founded in Avcılar in 1967 was followed by others.⁴² The industrialization that started during those years particularly sped up in 1980s. The industry that had a big role in the development of Avcılar became denser alongside Firuzköy Boulevard in Üniversite and Firuzköy neighborhoods. Furthermore, Petrol Ofisi Street surroundings in Cihangir neighborhood and northwest parts of the neighborhood are the areas where the industry is dense. There are many facilities like factories of iron and steel, moulding, textile, paper, package and plastic in these areas. Cheap land and legal convenience were effective in the improvement of industry in Avcılar during those years just like the other settlements which are far away from the central parts of the city of Istanbul and are villages in administrative sense. Also, the decentralization of industry in Istanbul had an impact on this situation.

In addition to industrial facilities, Istanbul University Avcılar Campus which was opened in 1980s greatly contributed to the variety of social and economic life. Istanbul University Avcılar Campus played an important role in reviving the trade and creating areas of use apart from giving the name to the neighborhood.

Avcılar experienced the highest loss of lives and property in Istanbul during Marmara earthquake on 17 August 1999 which was one of the biggest earthquakes ever to happen in Turkey. 981 people died and 3552 buildings were ruined or heavily damaged in Istanbul and 273 people of 981 were from Avcılar in addition to hundreds of injured people. The number of ruined or heavily damaged buildings in Avcılar was 1894. However, the impacts of the earthquake were short-lived and Avcılar regained its old liveliness again.

The northern parts of Avcılar are the areas with mass housing. Tahtakale neighborhood which is in the north of TEM highway is the mass housing area of the district. And in the southern parts of the neighborhood, in areas close to TEM, an important settlement area developed due to the construction of many luxury houses and mass housing from late 1990s.⁴³ Such construction works still continue towards the empty northern parts of the district.

The population in Avcılar increased rapidly particularly after 1980. Main reason for this was he migration Avcılar received. The majority of the population is comprised of people who come from different provinces of the country. The number of people coming from Tokat, Sivas, Malatya, Ardahan, Samsun, Çorum and Kars are the highest ones. The highest share belongs to Tokat with 5%.

Four regions have a significant amount of population in terms of the distribution of Avcılar population into geographical regions. These are the Black Sea Region (28%), East Anatolia region (23%), Marmara (22%) and Central Anatolia region (14%).

Manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with 35% from the point of economic activities in 2000. It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 21% and community services, social and personal services group with 20%.⁴⁴

BAĞCILAR

Bağcılar district, located on the European side of Istanbul, neighbors Başakşehir in the north and Güngören and Bahçelievler in the south. Esenler is in the east and Küçükçekmece is in the west. The district reached its limits that it has today in 2008. The southern part of the military field in Esenler district was included in Bağcılar district then and the area of the district reached 22.36 km². Bağcılar, which does not have a wide area but has a significant amount of population, ranks the third in population with 748,483 people (2017) following Esenyurt and Küçükçekmece (Table 1).

Bağcılar district was set up through administrative integration of Mahmutbey subdistrict and 21 neighborhoods⁴⁵ that separated from Bakırköy on 27 May 1992.⁴⁶ The number of neighborhoods in Bağcılar district reached 22 after Fatih neighborhood was set up. The district is comprised of 22 neighborhoods (2017).

Bağcılar which is the center of the district was a village in Mahmutbey subdistrict of Bakırköy district with the name of Çıfıtburgaz⁴⁷ in 1935. The settlement was named Bağcılar⁴⁸ in 1940, Çiftburgaz⁴⁹ in 1965, Yeşilbağ⁵⁰ in 1975 and 1980. Bağcılar which had a municipality organization in 1975 was a village with a population of 53,000 under Bakırköy administrationin 1980. Kaşıkçı Farm used to be located in the place of Bağcılar village.⁵¹

Source: TÜİK

The state gave grape saplings to the Turks who came from Varna, Bulgaria in 1929 and this constituted the base for viticulture, and the vineyards gave their name to the settlement area. Some of the present street or neighborhood names are related to these vineyards. The names Bağlar Main Street and Bağlar Street in Mahmutbey, Merkez, Fatih and Güneşli neighborhoods are left from the vineyards in the past in addition to a neighborhood with the name of Bağlar.

There were villages in 1980s in the area of Bağcılar district settlement. Bağcılar, Mahmutbey (Kalfaköy), Güneşli and Kirazlı were villages under Bakırköy in 1980. Today, these villages are neighborhoods with the same names. However, while Bağcılar village was named as Bağcılar Merkez neighborhood in 1990 when it was connected to Bakırköy, it was renamed as Merkez neighborhood in 1992 after the district was set up.

The population of Bağcılar village was 611 in 1935. There was not a significant increase in the population until 1960. However, the population increased five times between 1960 and 1970 and reached 6,316 in 1970. Again the population increased by 8 times between 1970 and 1980. The population of Bağcılar which was 53,594 in 1980 increased by more than five times and reached 291,457 in 1990. After that date, population growth continued and the population increased twice as much between 1990 and 2000. It had the highest value (265,062 people) and the population of Bağcılar reached 556,519 in 2000. Becoming a district in 1992 affected this increase. In 1997, Bağcılar ranked the third biggest district following Kadıköy and Gaziosmanpaşa,⁵² and became the most populous district of Istanbul with 749,024 people in 2012. Now again it is the third biggest district (Table 1). Nearly 51% of the population is male; however, male population rate used to be higher in Bağcılar in the past, in every census. For example, it was 55% in 1970 and 53% in 1980.

Bağcılar was populated fast due to the migrations the district received after 1980 and 1990. It also experienced urbanization problems deeply stemming from the migration as well.

Demirkapı, 15 Temmuz, Yüzüncüyıl, Güneşli, Fatih, Kirazlı and Yıldıztepe neighborhoods are the most populous areas in the district (Table 5). Each of these neighborhoods has a population of over 40,000.

The majority of the population in Bağcılar is comprised of people coming from different parts of the country. The cities from which Bağcılar receives migration are primarily Sivas, Bitlis, Ordu, Malatya, Samsun and Kastamonu.

The Black Sea region has the highest population in the distribution of the population of Bağcılar into geographical regions. 36% of Bağcılar, in other words one person out of three, is from the Black Sea. People from the East Anatolia rank the second in the district with 25%. After these regions, comes Southeast Anatolia region with 13%.

According to the data of DİE (now TÜİK, Turkish Statistical Institute) of the year 2000, manufacturing industry takes the first place with a share of 50% in the employment of the population. This rate is the highest value after Esenler among the districts of Istanbul. The high number of industrial facilities in the district and proximity to İkitelli Organized Industry Site play a major role in this situation. This rate is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 17% and by community services, social and personal services group with 14%.⁵³

The convenience of setting industrial plants in areas outside of the municipality boundaries of Istanbul had an effect on the development of industry in Bağcılar especially after 1970s for reasons such as cheap land and legislative convenience. While Bağcılar was a field where metal sector developed before 1980, paper, chemistry and plastic sectors were added to it later. Particularly weaving, clothing and leather products industry became the most important sector in almost every period in Bağcılar where there was a significant increase in the number of the industrial facilities after 1990s.

Industrial facilities get denser in the west part of Bağcılar district where industrial branches such as particularly textile, leather, shoe, paper, plastic and metal industry are dense. This area where Mahmutbey, 15 Temmuz and Bağlar neighborhoods are administratively located gets denser around Mahmutbey-Yeşilköy access road which connects TEM highway and D 100 (E-5) mainroad which are the two fundamental routes of Istanbul transportation. Yüzüncüyıl neighborhood where Matbaacılar Sitesi (MASSIT) is located is important in this sense.

Bağcılar is one of the five districts where the industry gets dense. The industrialization process which started in 1950s and sped up after 1980s showed great development particularly between 1990 and 2000. 41% of the industrial facilities were opened in this period. Weaving, clothing and leather industry (60%), metal items, machine equipment, transportation vehicle, scientific and professional measuring tools industry (10%), and paper products and printing industry (10%) constitute the main industrial sectors in Bağcılar. 38,355 worked in 710 industrial plants registered at the Istanbul Chamber of Industry in the district in 2010.⁵⁴

Bağcılar has an improved commerce with trade and shopping centers in Mahmutbey,⁵⁵ 15 Temmuz,⁵⁶ Göztepe⁵⁷ and Yüzüncüyıl⁵⁸ neighborhoods in addition to industry.

BAHÇELİEVLER

Bahçelievler district, located on the European side of Istanbul, has boundaries with Bağcılar in the north, Bakırköy in the south, Güngören in the east and Küçükçekmece in the west. The line separating the district from Bakırköy in the south goes through D 100 (E 5) main road. Uzuncadere⁵⁹ constitutes the western boundary and separates the district from Küçükçekmece. The district has an area of 16.62 km² and ranks the 31^st among the districts of Istanbul in terms of size. The district was named Bahçelievler due to the houses which were built within gardens by the cooperatives in 1960s. It had 598,454 inhabitants in 2017.

Bahçelievler district was set up on 27 May 1992 after 11 neighborhoods including Bahçelievler neighborhood of Bakırköy were gathered under one administrative roof.⁶⁰ The neighborhoods which constitute the district are as follows: Cumhuriyet, Çobançeşme, Fevzi Çakmak (Yenibosna part), Hürriyet (Yenibosna part), Kocasinan Merkez, Siyavuşpaşa, Soğanlı, Şirinevler, Yenibosna, Zafer and Bahçelievler. There has been no change in the number of the neighborhoods since the date of establishment, and the district is comprised of 11 neighborhoods (2017).

In 1920s, Kocasinan and Yenibosna villages, Siyavuşpaşa (Çavuşpaşa⁶¹) and Kuleli farms were located in the area where Bahçelievler was set up later.⁶² In addition to these, Soğan Çiftliği and Bahçelievler neighborhood were included in late 1950s.⁶³ In 1970s, Kuleli and Siyavuşpaşa farms turned into neighborhoods and also Şirinevler neighborhood was founded.⁶⁴ Kocasinan, Yenibosna, Siyavuşpaşa and Soğanlı neighborhoods are named after these settlements. Kuleli Çiftliği is still used as the name of a quarter in Zafer and Fevzi Çakmak neighborhoods. These villages and farms have retained their existence until recently.

The development of settlement in the area where Bahçelievler district is located happened after 1960s when Kocasinan and Yenibosna started getting populated as well as new settlement areas appeared. Also the change of the locational development in Bakırköy from İncirli street to the north of E-5 main road played a big part in this growth.

Kocasinan and Yenibosna within the boundaries of the district are old village settlements. There were not any villages except these two in 1920s. Today, these villages are neighborhoods in Bahçelievler. Kocasinan was a village where 264 people lived in 1935. Its population increased by 13 times after 1950 and reached 4103 in 1960 (Table 6). The population increase continued in the following years in Kocasinan that had a municipality organization in 1970 and it reached 96,312 in 1980. It was a big settlement area even though it was a village in the administrative sense. Kocasinan, whose administrative structure changed in 1981, became a neighborhood of Bakırköy.

Yenibosna village experienced a similar population development trend. There were 3479 people in 1960 in Yenibosna where only 862 people lived in 1950. Yenibosna, which had a municipality organization in 1975, was a big settlement area with its population that reached 83,560 in 1980. There were 5 neighborhoods with the names of Merkez, Evren, Fevzi Çakmak, Hürriyet, Zafer and Çobançeşme in Yenibosna in 1990. Total population of these neighborhoods was 108,697.

Table 7- Neighborhood population of Bahçelievler

Source: TÜİK

The population of Bahçelievler in the first census in 1997, 5 years after the district was set up, was 442,877. The population reached 478,623 in 2000. 50,1% of the population of Bahçelievler is constituted by males (2017).

Zafer, Kocasinan Merkez, Soğanlı, Siyavuşpaşa, Bahçelievler and Şirinevler neighborhoods are the places with a high population in the district (Table 6). Zafer was the most populous neighborhood of Istanbul according to 2011 figures.⁶⁵ Also, it became the 3^rd biggest neighborhood of Turkey in 2013. Soğanlı, Siyavuşpaşa and Kocasinan Merkez neighborhoods in the district are among the populous neighborhoods of Istanbul.

There were not many industrial plants at the beginning of 1970s except a plastic factory in Yenibosna village and Ömür Yoghurt Factory in İncirli, but today there are many plants in Bahçelievler. Industrial plants are dense in the west of the district in Yenibosna Merkez neighborhood. The area which started to get industrialized rapidly after 1980s is the center of the industry in Bahçelievler. Paint, glass, chemicals, food, paper and plastic industries are the main industries in the area. The industrial facilities are lined up alongside Mahmutbey-Yeşilköy access road which connects TEM and D 100 (E-5) which are two main transportation routes of Istanbul between Çobançeşme and Mahmutbey intersections. While the western part of this road is where shipping and logistics companies are located, the eastern part is where the commercial areas such as Kuyumcukent, Yenibosna Foreign Trade Center and StarCity Shopping center are located. There are many shopping centers⁶⁶ some of which are alongside the D 100 (E-5) main road in Bahçelievler which is one of the most populous neighborhoods of Istanbul. Industrial and commercial areas get denser alongside D 100 mainroad and Mahmutbey-Yeşilköy access road in Bahçelievler, the majority of which is a housing zone.

The manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with a 35% (2000) share in Bahçelievler. It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 21%. Community services, social and personal services group has the third place with 19%.⁶⁷

Bahçelievler receives migration from different provinces, and Sivas, Malatya, Trabzon, Tokat and Mardin have the first place. Each of the mentioned provinces has a population of more than 20.000. 29% of the population in Bahçelievler is from the Black Sea region. The East Anatolia and Marmara regions are two other important regions with 18% and 17% respectively.

BAKIRKÖY

Bakırköy, which is one of the districts on the European side of Istanbul, is surrounded by Marmara Sea from the south. D 100 (E-5) main road in the north separates the district from Bahçelievler, Küçükçekmece and Güngören. Bakırköy has boundaries with Küçükçekmece in the west and is separated from Zeytinburnu district with Çırpıcı Stream. It has an area of 29.64 km². It had 222,370 inhabitants in 2017.

Administrative boundaries changed with the establishment of new districts and the area of Bakırköy got smaller constantly. Avcılar, Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Esenler, Güngören, Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu, which are districts today, used to belong to Bakırköy. The boundaries of Bakırköy kept getting smaller with the establishment of these districts. The area of Bakırköy which was 290 km² in 1927 and 131 km² in 1990 has gone down to 29.64 km² (Table 1).⁶⁸

Bakırköy, which was already a district in 1926, used to be the biggest settlement area close to the historical city surrounding Istanbul then. It was one of the districts which constituted Istanbul in 1927. The population of the district was 20,441.

There were three subdistricts called Merkez, Mahmutbey and Yeşilköy in Bakırköy in 1935. Merkez and Yeşilköy subdistricts had municipality organizations. Zeytinburnu was added to that group later, but Zeytinburnu became a district in 1957 and the number of subdistricts decreased to 3 again.

Bakırköy had 19 villages in terms of the administrative structure in 1935.⁶⁹ Avcılar, Bağcılar, Esenler, Güngören and Küçükçekmece, which are districts today, were the villages of Bakırköy. The number of the villages decreased to 17 in 1940 when the legal entities of Ambarlı and Şenlikköy (Kalitarya) ended. Later, Habipler and Güneşli villages joined them and the number of the villages became 19 in 1960.

Bakırköy had 19 villages in 1980. These villages separated from Bakırköy in time and became the important quarters of Istanbul. These are Avcılar, Firuzköy, Halkalı, Küçükçekmece, Sefaköy (Safra), Mahmutbey (Kalfaköy), Altınşehir, Atışalanı, Esenler, Güneşli, Güngören, Habipler (Çınarlıhan), İkitelli, Kayabaşı, Kirazlı, Kocasinan, Şamlar, Yenibosna (Viranbosna) and Yeşilbağ (Bağcılar) villages. 5 of the villages, namely Avcılar, Bağcılar, Küçükçekmece, Esenler and Güngören, are separate districts now. Other villages became important neighborhoods and quarters of the districts they are located in. Bakırköy had two villages with the names Kayabaşı and Şamlar in 1985 and it did not have any villages in 1990.

There were 6 neighborhoods in Bakırköy center in 1930: Cevizlik, Kartaltepe, Osmaniye, Sakızağacı, Zeytinlik and Yenimahalle. All these places are still present as neighborhoods. Osmaniye was a village in 1920.⁷⁰ There were 17⁷¹ neighborhoods within the limits of the municipality in 1971. Bakırköy is administratively comprised of 15 neighborhoods (Table 7).

Table 8- Neighborhood population of Bakırköy

* The name Zümrütyuva was changed to Basınköy between 1989 and 1991.

Source: TÜİK

20,441 people lived in Bakırköy in 1927. 75% of this number lived in the center of the district and the rest was in subdistricts and villages. The population increased by 39% between 1927 and 1935 and reached 28,377 in 1935. The population was in a normal increasing trend until 1960. However, it doubled between 1950 and 1960 and reached 102,612 in 1960 . Such an increase happened for the first time. Furthermore, Zeytinburnu became a district in the same period and separated from Bakırköy. However, there were more increases in the following years. Bakırköy became the district with the highest increase in its population in Istanbul between 1965 and 1975.⁷² The increase between 1960 and 1970 took place particularly in the villages of the district, increasing by five times. The population of Küçükçekmece, Esenler, Kocasinan, Sefaköy and Güngören villages increased substantially.

Industrialization after 1950 and migrations to Istanbul played an important role in this increase. The growth slowed down after 1970 but the population kept rising. It was 341,743 in 1970 and reached 882,505 in 1980. The highest increase in terms of numbers was in this period. A big portion of this increase was in the villages (85%) of the district just like 1960-1970 period.

The population increased greatly after 1980 and exceeded 1,000,000 in 1990 (1,328,276 people). Thus, Bakırköy became the most populous district of Turkey in 1990. Küçükçekmece separated from Bakırköy in this period and became a district in 1987, so Bakırköy had a great population loss. As a matter of the fact, Küçükçekmece had a population of 479,19 in 1990. Despite this, the population of Bakırköy increased significantly between 1980-1990. The second migration wave was happening during those years and Bakırköy had its share. There was a big decrease in the population due to the administrative structure change after 1990. Bağcılar, Bahçelievler and Güngören separated from Bakırköy and became districts in 1992. After this change, the population of the district went down to 208,398 in 2000. It increased by nearly 13,000 between 2000 and 2012 and reached 221,336 in 2012. Having 222,370 people (2017), its population does not have big changes anymore as there are not any new settlement areas left.⁷³

The most populous neighborhoods of Bakırköy are Kartaltepe, Şenlikköy, Ataköy/Parts 7-8-9-10, Osmaniye, Yeşilköy and Zuhuratbaba. The smallest neighborhood of Bakırköy is Ataköy/Part 1 (Table 7). While the population increased in 10 neighborhoods between 2000 and 2017, it decreased in 5 neighborhoods: Yeşilköy, Zuhuratbaba, Yeşilyurt, Zeytinlik and Ataköy/Part 1.

Female population (52%) was higher than males in the distribution of the population into genders in 1935. However, male population was higher in the district later until 2000. 1960 was the year when the male population was the highest (68%). Female population rate was 53% in 2017.

A significant portion of the district’s population is registered as originally from Istanbul. Namely, 35% of the population was from Istanbul in 2012. Malatya took the second place after Istanbul with 3% and it was followed by people from Trabzon, Sivas, Kastamonu, Mardin and Tokat. However, the number of people from Istanbul is considerably higher. Marmara region takes the first place among people who constitute Bakırköy population. 44% of the population is from this region. 19% of Bakırköy population is from the Black Sea region and it is followed by the East Anatolia region with 11%.

While agricultural activities (40%) took the first place in the distribution of the population according to the professions in 1927, it was followed by commercial activities (18%) and industry sector (10%). Members of the military took the first place in the distribution of the population according to the professions in the center of the district. Agriculture, trade and industry sectors followed military. According to the reports from 2000, 29% of the working population in the center of Bakırköy was employed in community services, social and personal services. Then came the wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 22%. Manufacturing industry took the third place with 20%.⁷⁴

Veliefendi Hippodrome surroundings in Osmaniye and Kartaltepe neighborhoods were the areas of the industry in Bakırköy.⁷⁵ Some of the facilities, the majority of which is constituted by textile factories, have moved out of Istanbul and some of them have been shut down. The area where the factories were located have become a housing space for high-rise houses and residences within urban transformation.⁷⁶ The industry has been very important historically in Bakırköy where there are not any big industrial facilities anymore. The construction of hotels and shopping centers in the areas emptied by the factories increased Bakırköy’s importance as a housing area.⁷⁷ With the separation of Zeytinburnu, Küçükçekmece, Avcılar, Bağcılar, Bahçelievler and Güngören that have many industrial facilities, Bakırköy became a center of commercial activities and tourism. There are many shopping centers,⁷⁸ international hotels, Istanbul World Trade Center, CNR Expo Fair Center, Ataköy Marina, Istanbul Aquarium, Florya Atatürk Forest and Veliefendi Hippodrome⁷⁹ in Veliefendi Çayırı which was a famous picnic area in Ottoman times. Ataköy Toplu Konutları⁸⁰ which is considered as the first big mass housing project of Turkey is in Bakırköy. Veliefendi Hippodrome surroundings which used to be the industrial area of the past is going through a construction period of residences and high-rise houses and it will be an important housing area of Bakırköy in the near future.

Today, Bakırköy, is a modern settlement with Ataköy Blocks, shopping centers, marina, sea bus pier, five-star hotels and a six-lane shoreline way. The announcement of the shoreline between Atakoy and Kazlıçeşme as a tourism center in 1989, planning of this area as a tourism complex and construction of many facilities have played a role in these developments.⁸¹

BAŞAKŞEHİR

Başakşehir, which is one of the new districts of Istanbul, neighbors Arnavutköy in the north, and Avcılar, Küçükçekmece and Bağcılar in the south. Esenyurt and Arnavutköy are in the west and Sultangazi and Esenler are in the east of the district. It has a the boundary with Eyüpsultan in the northeast. A part of the boundary with Arnavutköy goes through Sazlıdere Dam Reservoir. The surface area of the district within these boundaries is 104.3 km². It had 396,729 inhabitants in 2017.

Başakşehir district was set up on 6 March 2008 with the administrative integration of Başakşehir, Kayabaşı, Ziya Gökalp, Güvercintepe, Altınşehir and Şahintepe neighborhoods of Küçükçekmece, Başakşehir⁸² of Esenler, and Bahçeşehir Part 1 and Bahçeşehir Part 2 neighborhoods of Bahçeşehir.⁸³ These neighborhoods still have the same names today. The portion of Küçükçekmece’s Mehmet Akif neighborhood in the north of TEM highway was included in the district. The only village which was linked to Başakşehir was Şamlar village of Küçükçekmece. Thus, the district is comprised of nine neighborhoods and one village. However, the legal entities of the villages in Istanbul were abolished and they turned into neighborhoods in 2012. And İkitelli Organized Industry Site was administratively accepted as a neighborhood. So the number of neighborhoods in Başakşehir reached 11.

The name of the district comes from Başakşehir mass housing project which was initiated by KİPTAŞ, an institution of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, in 1995. These houses which were built on the land of İkitelli village were the first planned mass housing settlement in the district.⁸⁴

Table 9- Neighborhood population of Başakşehir

In 1980s, there were rural settlements in the area where Başakşehir district is located. Farms such as Leyla Hanım’s Farm, Ispartakule Farm, Dereköy Farm were the rural settlements in the area.⁸⁵ Başakşehir, Başak and Bahçeşehir neighborhoods constitute the planned settlement areas of the district because majority of these places is formed by mass housing. These settlement areas were created through several mass housing projects that were carried out after 1990. Bahçeşehir Uydukent Project, which was realized in ex-Hoşdere village, was deemed worthy of many international awards.⁸⁶ On the other hand, Altınşehir, Güvercintepe, Ziya Gökalp, Kayabaşı and Şahintepe neighborhoods are the unplanned settlement areas of the district. Ziya Gökalp neighborhood was set up in İkitelli village and is still known as İkitelli by the public.⁸⁷ Migrations from 1980s played an important role in the population growth of these areas.

The most important industrial area of Başakşehir is İkitelli Organized Industry Zone in Ziya Gökalp neighborhood. Employing nearly 20.000 people, this site was established in 1980s in order to move the industrial facilities out of Istanbul, and is an important area not only for Başakşehir but also for surrounding districts, and played an important role in the population and urbanization of the area. Olimpiyat Park in Ziya Gökalp neighborhood and Atatürk Olympics Stadium in the park are the other areas contributing to the development of the region.

The first population data of the district belong to 2008 when it was set up. Başakşehir had a population of 207,542 in 2008. It reached 316,176 in 2012 with an increase of 52%, and rose to 396,729 in 2017. There is not a clear differentiation in the distribution of the population according to gender. The male population was 50.5% in 2008 and 50.2% in 2017.

Kayabaşı, Başak, Başakşehir, Güvercintepe and Bahçeşehir Part 2 neighborhoods are the most populous quarters of the district (Table 8). The most populous quarter of Başakşehir is Kayabaşı. After the mass housing projects were completed like Bahçeşehir Part 1 and Bahçeşehir Part 2, there were rapid increases in the population of neighborhoods in a short time.

Majority of the district is comprised of people who migrated to the area from different parts of the country. People from Tokat, Malatya, Sivas, Bitlis, Adıyaman and Erzurum take the first place in Başakşehir. The Black Sea region takes the first place among the regions with 29%. The percentage of people from the East Anatolia region is 28%. While these two regions form more than half of the population in the district, Marmara region has a population with a percentage of 14%.

BAYRAMPAŞA

The district of Bayrampaşa, which is on the European side of Istanbul in the northwest of the historical peninsula, neighbors Eyüpsultan and Gaziosmanpaşa in the east and Esenler in the west. Gaziosmanpaşa is in the north and Zeytinburnu is in the south of the district. Some parts of its boundaries coincide with the highway and its Gaziosmanpaşa boundary passes through the road called “Old Edirne Motorway”. Almost half of Eyüpsultan boundary is constituted by Rami Kışla Street. An important part of Esenler boundary passes through TEM-Otogar access road and Dumlupınar Street. The area of Bayrampaşa is 9.61 km² and it ranks the third after Güngören and Beyoğlu. It had 274,197 inhabitants in 2017.

Bayrampaşa became a district on 20 May 1990.⁸⁸ The district was set up by integrating 11 neighborhoods that were under Eyüpsultan through an administrative regulation. The neighborhoods that constitute the district are Altıntepsi, Cevatpaşa, İsmetpaşa, Kartaltepe, Kocatepe, Muratpaşa, Ortamahalle, Terazidere, Vatan, Yenidoğan and Yıldırım. Today, the administrative structure of the district is composed of 11 neighborhoods.

The center of the district is Bayrampaşa village whose old name was Sağmalcılar.⁸⁹ The district was formed through the development of this village. Sağmalcılar was composed of 13 migrant houses between 1927 and 1928. More migrants from Bulgaria settled in the area between 1948 and 1959 and from Yugoslavia in 1951.⁹⁰ However, the village legal entity of Sağmalcılar shoulde be set up between 1950 and 1955, because this village was not mentioned in administrative division in 1950. However, Sağmalcılar was present as a village with a population of 4,932 in Rami subdistrict of Eyüpsultan district in 1955. The municipality was established in 1964 in Sağmalcılar village as there was a dense settlement and rapid population increase. It was one of the two villages in the central subdistrict of Eyüpsultan district in 1970.⁹¹

Table 10- Neighborhood population of Bayrampaşa

Source: TÜİK

The name Sağmalcılar was changed to Bayrampaşa on 1 April 1970.⁹² It was named after Bayram Pasha that was one of the grand viziers of Murad IV reign and had a farm there. “Sağmalcılar” is commonly used as the name of quarter, workplaces, bus stop, tram stop, subway stop and schools.⁹³

There was one of the model vineyards of Istanbul among others in Bayrampaşa until 1950s. Today, the street names such as Numunebağı quarter, and Bağ Street (in Muratpaşa neighborhood) Bağlar Street (in Vatan neighborhood), Bağlar Dead-end (in Ortamahalle) and Numunebağı Street (in Kocatepe neighborhood) are what’s left from these vineyards.

While the relocation of the people whose houses were demolished during the construction of Vatan and Millet streets in 1955, in Bayrampaşa, caused some population growth, the presence of industrial facilities was the main force that increased the population. Beside being itself an industrial area, it was close to other industrial areas (like Zeytinburnu, Maltepe) as well. Rapid population increase and unplanned urbanization brought along with them some other infrastructure problems in Bayrampaşa which was greatly affected by the migrations to Istanbul in 1950s.

Migration rate rose in Istanbul from the beginning of 1950s. One of the places the migrants settled in was Sağmalcılar and its surroundings. People working in the industrial facilities in the vicinity settled in places close to these facilities. This caused creation of new residential areas most of which were shanty settlements. Another factor causing the growth of the population in Sağmalcılar was the settlement of immigrants from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia after 1950s.

358 people lived in Sağmalcılar in 1950.⁹⁴ First population data about Sağmalcılar taken from the censuses dates 1955. The population of Sağmalcılar village then was 4,932 and 80% of the population was comprised of men. The surplus of male population was closely related to the fact that a large part of the people who came to work in the industrial facilities were men. Furthermore, although there is not any evidence, the proximity of Sağmalcılar to Maltepe and Davutpaşa military barracks suggests the soldier population factor.

The population of Sağmalcılar increased by six times in five years between 1955 and 1960 and reached 29,110 in 1960. Subsequently, it increased by four times between 1960-1970 and exceeded 100,000 (124,085) in 1970. The population kept increasing rapidly after that and it increased by 33% between 1970 and 1980, and by 28% between 1980 and 1990. The population which constantly increased since 1950s, reached 274,197 in 2017.

Male population has always been higher than female population in every census period in Bayrampaşa. However, only in 1955, there was a clear male population surplus, but this rate went down to 53% in 1960 and 50.2% in 2017.

Industrial facilities were founded for the first time in 1952 in Sağmalcılar where dairy farming and agriculture had been main economic activities since its establishment (1927).⁹⁵ Terazidere, Muratpaşa and Ortamahalle are the primary places where industry is located in the district today. Other factors in addition to the industry led to population growth in 1980s. The transfer of the bus terminal from Topkapı to Bayrampaşa in mid-1990s in addition to the transfer of the wholesale market hall for vegetables and fruits that was by Golden Horn between Eminönü and Unkapanı, in 1986 were influential in these developments. Dry Food Sellers Zone and many shopping centers that were opened in Bayrampaşa as well as other commercial places contributed greatly to the commercial life of the district.⁹⁶ However, on the agenda of urban transformation today is the transfer of the wholesale market hall and the bus terminal to the outer city, and construction of houses and shopping malls instead of them.

According to the data from 2000, nearly 45% of the working population is employed in manufacturing industry. This sector is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel services with 20%. Community services, social and personal services group takes the third place with 17%.⁹⁷ The high share of manufacturing industry in employment is closely linked to Bayrampaşa’s position as an industrial area.

Yıldırım neighborhood is the most populous quarter in Bayrampaşa. On the other hand, Vatan is the smallest place in the district. The population of İsmetpaşa, Ortamahalle and Vatan neighborhoods decreased between 1990 and 2017. Cevatpaşa is the neighborhood with the highest increase in population (Table 10).

Bayrampaşa has been a significant area where people migrating from different places have settled in since 1950. Marmara region takes the first place in terms of the distribution of the population of Bayrampaşa by geographical regions (with 44%). The Black Sea region is the second with 28%.

BEŞİKTAŞ

Located on the European side by Bosphorus, Beşiktaş neighbors Sarıyer and Şişli in the north and it has boundaries with Şişli in the west, Beyoğlu in the southwest and Bosphorus in the east and south. Almost half of its boundary with Şişli, the part between Zincirliköy and Maslak, passes through Büyükdere Street. It covers an area of 18.01 km², and it had 185,447 inhabitants in 2017.

The highway following 15 July Martyrs Bridge (Bosphorus Bridge before), connecting Asia and Europe, is in Beşiktaş. Also, TEM highway which is the continuation of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, the second route across the Bosphorus, is in the north of Beşiktaş. Büyükdere Street connects these two main routes and is located in the district. All these routes make Beşiktaş significant in terms of transportation.

Beşiktaş became a district on 15 May 1930.⁹⁸ Beşiktaş was comprised of central and Arnavutköy subdistricts then. There were not any villages attached to it.

Table 11- Neighborhood population of Beşiktaş

Source: TÜİK

A large part of the area where Beşiktaş is located was empty and there were not any settlements in 1920s. The settlement area which started on the shoreline in Beşiktaş center stretched out to Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque. Balmumcu Farm was further from this point. Balmumcu which is one of the important quarters of Beşiktaş today was named after this farm. Ortaköy, Arnavutköy and Bebek were small settlements by Bosphorus. There were farms and dairy farms on the hillside behind these settlements. Zincirlikapu and Levent farms were the most important ones among these.⁹⁹ These farms turned to the important quarters of Beşiktaş over time. Levent Farm became Levent neighborhood after mass housing projects were realized.¹⁰⁰ Nispetiye street in the east of the neighborhood was the boundary and there were not any settlements on the hillside further from this point. Birinci Levent was set up in 1952, İkinci Levent in 1954, Üçüncü Levent in 1957 and Dördüncü Levent in 1969.¹⁰¹ The construction that started in early 1950s caused Etiler to appear as the second mass housing area in 1955 after Levent. However, in the early 1970s the population was not dense except Levent and Etiler.

Beşiktaş was composed of two subdistricts in 1934, and there were 14 neighborhoods: 11 of them in the central subdistrict (Abbasağa, Cihannüma, Dikilitaş, Mecidiye, Muradiye, Ortaköy, Sinanpaşa, Teşvikiye, Türkali, Vişnezade and Yıldız) and 3 in Arnavutköy subdistrict (Arnavutköy, Kuruçeşme and Bebek).¹⁰² When Şişli district was set up in 1954, Teşvikiye was included in the administrative boundaries of Şişli and the number of neighborhoods went down to 13. Other areas outside of these neighborhoods which constitute the core of the district, appeared later in 1950s, so the settlement area expanded and the number of neighborhoods increased. Best example for this is Levent. The number of neighborhoods in Beşiktaş reached 14 when Levent, which developed as a new settlement area distant from the center, became a neighborhood in 1955.¹⁰³ Beşiktaş had 20 neighborhoods in 1971.¹⁰⁴ The number of neighborhoods was 21 in 1990 and is 23 in 2017 (Table 11). The neighborhoods opened to settlement like Etiler, Akatlar, Konaklar, Levazım, Balmumcu and Gayrettepe led to this increase.

Ortaköy became a subdistrict after central and Arnavutköy subdistricts. Beşiktaş was comprised of these 3 subdistricts in 1965. However, the subdistricts were abolished later and the district did not have any subdistricts in 1970.

The population of Beşiktaş district was 55,007 in 1935. 51% of the population was male. There was not an important change in the population until 1950. The population increase sped up and reached 93,647 in 1960. The district population increased by 27% between 1950 and 1960. The male population rate within population also increased and reached 54% in 1960. The population kept increasing rapidly after 1960. The most significant increase happened between 1960 and 1980. The population increased by 45% and reached 136,105 in 1970 and later with an increase of 38% it reached 188,117 in 1980. The population growth stabilized after 1980 and increased by only 2% (4,093 people) between 1980 and 1990. The population of Beşiktaş reached its peak (192,210 people) in 1990 and started decreasing after this date. It decreased by 3.2% (6,143 people) between 1990 and 2000 and was 186,067 in 2012, and it had 185,447 inhabitants in 2017. Beşiktaş was not the only district with a decreasing population in that period. Population in Adalar, Bakırköy and Eminönü districts also decreased. One of the reasons of this decrease in the central districts of Istanbul was migration towards mass housing estates in the new settlement areas that appeared around the city. An important increase in the population is not expected at least in the nearest future, due to the transformation of some quarters into business centers and the lack of new settlement areas.

Male population was higher than female population in Beşiktaş between 1935 and 1980. Male population was the highest with 54% in 1960 but female population started increasing after 1980. 53% of the population was women in Beşiktaş in 1980, and nearly 55% in 2017.

33% of Beşiktaş population are from Istanbul. People from Sivas, Giresun, İzmir, Kastamonu, Ankara and Rize take the first place after Istanbul. The difference from other districts of Istanbul in this distribution is that there are a lot of people from Izmir. Marmara region has the highest population with 41% in the distribution of the population by geographical regions due to the high number of people from Istanbul. It is followed by the Black Sea with 20%. 13% of Beşiktaş population is composed by people from Central Anatolia.

Dikilitaş, Akatlar, Konaklar, Gayrettepe, Nisbetiye, Etiler, Mecidiye and Türkali neighborhoods are the most populous quarters of Beşiktaş. Dikilitaş is the most populous neighborhood of Beşiktaş. Each of the other mentioned neighborhoods has a population of over ten thousand. On the other hand, Sinanpaşa is the smallest neighborhood (Table 11). While the population in 6 neighborhoods increased between 1990 and 2017, it decreased in the other neighborhoods.

Ulus is one of the new neighborhoods that was set up in 1990s. Another one that was set up during those years was Levazım. The first name of Ulus was Ambarlıdere and it was changed later. Ambarlıdere mosque and the names of some workplaces in the district as well as Ambarlıdere street that goes through Levazım and Ortaköy neighborhoods are what’s left from its old name. Gayrettepe is another neighborhood whose name was changed. Its name was Ertuğrul in 1990 but was changed to Gayrettepe later.¹⁰⁵

Community services, social and personal services group has the highest employment rate with a share of 33%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector follows it with 21%. Financial institutions, insurance and real estate, and other services take the third place with 20%.¹⁰⁶ Absence of industry facilities in Beşiktaş has reflected on the employment. The distribution of employees into sectors indicates the function of Beşiktaş as a commercial and business center. Levent, Gayrettepe and Balmumcu developed as business centers of the district. These places are where companies’ management centers were located mostly. Shopping centers that were built after 1990s,¹⁰⁷ high-rise business centers¹⁰⁸ and residences contributed greatly to Beşiktaş as a commercial center. Büyükdere Street and Barbaros Boulevard are the main areas where business fields are dense.

Hillsides between Büyükdere Street in the west and Bosphorus in the east are mostly planned settlement areas in the form of housing estates (site). Behind the skyscrapers, there are housing estates and mass housing estates in Levent, Etiler, Nisbetiye, Akatlar, Kültür and Levazım. This area is outside of the old quarters that constitute the central section of the district, and it was turned into a developed settlement area through constructions that started after 1950 and especially increased in 1980s.

Table 12- Neighborhood population of Beykoz (2017)

Source: TÜİK

BEYKOZ

Beykoz is one of the districts on the Asian side, located in the north of Istanbul where Bosphorus opens up to the Black Sea. The Black Sea is in the north and Bosphorus is in the west of the district. It neighbors Şile and Çekmeköy in the east. Çekmeköy, Ümraniye and Üsküdar surround the district from the south. Beykoz, which is on the shoreline of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, is one of the biggest districts of Istanbul with its area of 310.36 km². It had 251,087 inhabitants in 2017.

Beykoz is one of the oldest districts of Istanbul. It had 3 subdistricts in 1930: Merkez, Anadoluhisarı and Mahmutşevketpaşa. The district had 18 villages, 6 of which were attached to the Merkez subdistrict and 12 of which were attached to Mahmutşevketpaşa. Merkez subdistrict had 6 neighborhoods: Anadolukavağı, Beykoz, İncirköy, Mirşah,¹⁰⁹ Paşabahçe and Yalıköy. There were 4 neighborhoods in Anadoluhisarı subdistrict: Anadoluhisarı, Çubuklu, Kanlıca and Yenimahalle.¹¹⁰ While the number of the districts remained unchanged in 1935, the number of villages increased to 20. Center and Anadoluhisarı subdistricts had municipality organizations at that time.¹¹¹

Beykoz was composed of three subdistricts (bucak) and 19 villages in 1950. After Anadoluhisarı was connected to the center, the number of villages did not change. However, the district had 21 villages in 1975. There was no one living in Muratlı village in Mahmutşevketpaşa subdistrict but it had the village legal entity. Muratlı village which had a population of 218 in 1970 still had its legal entity in 1980; however, there was not a village with that name in 1985.

The most important settlement of the district is Beykoz which is also the administrative center. The settlement had two neighborhoods in 1930s: Beykoz and Yalıköy. However, the district had 6 neighborhoods that were administratively attached to the center.¹¹² Over time the number of neighborhoods increased along with the population growth. There were 15¹¹³ neighborhoods within the boundaries of municipality in early 1970s. Beykoz was composed of two subdistricts (Merkez and Mahmutşevketpaşa) with 19 neighborhoods and 19 villages in 2000. Çavuşpaşa Firs Tier (İlk Kademe) Municipality was abolished with a regulation in 2008 and its neighborhoods were connected to Beykoz. However, the district do not have any villages in the administrative sense since 2012, because the legal entities of the villages were abolished and turned into neighborhoods. Beykoz administratively has 45 neighborhoods (Table 11).

Beykoz had a population of 21,308 in 1935. The population of the district increased considerably (48%) and reached 41,492 in 1940. The reason for this increase was the war conditions caused by the World War II. Its location as the gate of Bosphorus, an important waterway, to the Black Sea increased Beykoz’s importance in the years of war. A large part of the population increase in 1940 was related to the male population and it showed the impact of the war. While the male population increased by 170% between 1935 and 1940, female population increased only by 9%. 73% of the population were men in 1940.

The impacts of the war were reflected on the population of 1945; however, the population did not increase this time but decreased by 20% between 1940 and 1945. The decline in male population was the primary reason. The population of the district which was 32,813 in 1945, kept increasing after that year. It reached 114,812 in 1980 with a significant increase of 50% between 1970 and 1980. With a continuous growth, it reached 251,087 in 2017.

The primary gathering place for the population of the district has been Beykoz. 71% of the population lived in the center of the district in 1935 and 80% of the population was there in 1950. Beykoz had 80% and 89% of the population in 1970 and 2012 respectively. While the rural population increased by 4 times between 1935 and 2012, urban population increased by 14 times in Beykoz.

Kavacık, Çubuklu, Yenimahalle, İncirköy, Tokatköy, Gümüşsuyu, Çiğdem and Soğuksu neighborhoods are the most populous areas in Beykoz. Kavacık is the most populous neighborhood. The population of Kavacık increased rapidly, for it became an important intersection point after Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge was opened.

Two industrial facilities played an important role in the development of Beykoz. One of them was Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory which was founded in the Ottoman period and given over to Sümerbank in 1933. The other one was Paşabahçe Glassware Factory founded in 1935. Both factories ended production and were shut down in 1999 and 2002 respectively.

The settlement area in Beykoz expanded from the shoreline to the slopes and hillsides in interior parts over time. A large part of Beykoz is an unplanned settlement area. Housing estates that were built in Kanlıca, Çubuklu, Anadoluhisarı and Göksu¹¹⁴ hillsides after 1990s and Acarkent and Beykoz Konakları in Acarlar neighborhood constitute the planned settlement areas.

People from Giresun constitute nearly 10% of the population in Beykoz. And people from Kastamonu, Ordu, Rize and Trabzon follow them. The Black Sea region takes the first place with 44% in the distribution of the district population by geographical regions. Marmara region follows it with 36%. People from Istanbul are the majority in Marmara region. 9% of the population is from the East Anatolia region which comes after the Black Sea and Marmara regions.

27% of the population is employed in manufacturing industry in the district center of Beykoz, in 2000. It is followed by community services, social and personal services group with 26%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector comes the third with 19%.¹¹⁵ However, since two important industrial facilities were closed down, it is clear that this proportions changed, and the employment rate in the manufacturing industry decreased.

There is 14,766 decares of agricultural area in Beykoz and 8% of this area is cultivated. Vegetable gardens have the biggest share (50%) with 7,477 decares. 38% of agricultural areas is fruit orchards. Beykoz has the most decorative plant areas among the districts of Istanbul with 304 decares. The forest area which constitutes 71% of the district is 22,266 hectares.

Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, the third bridge of Bosphorus, was opened on 26 August 2016. The eastern part of North Marmara highway, which is composed of access roads to the Bridge and the roads afterwards, passes through Beykoz district. Significant spatial developments is expected to occur including new settlement areas around this route in the nearest future.

Table 13- Neighborhood population of Beylikdüzü

Source: TÜİK

BEYLİKDÜZÜ

Beylikdüzü, one of the new districts, is located on the European side of Istanbul. Beylikdüzü is between D 100 highway in the north and Marmara Sea in the south. D 100 highway which draws the northern boundary of the district, separates Beylikdüzü from Esenyurt. Esenyurt and Büyükçekmece are in the north and Avcılar is in the east of the district. The Marmara Sea is in the south and west of Beylikdüzü. It covers an area of 37.78 km². It had 314,670 inhabitants in 2017.

Beylikdüzü district was founded on 6 March 2008 by integrating 10 neighborhoods of Beylikdüzü (Kavaklı),¹¹⁶ Gürpınar¹¹⁷ and Yakuplu¹¹⁸ municipalities under one administrative roof.¹¹⁹ Kavaklı, Gürpınar and Yakuplu were villages under Büyükçekmece until recently. Beylikdüzü district was founded on the land where the aforementioned villages were located. These villages, which were close to each other, went through a fast development process after 1990. With a rapid population increase and spatial expansion, municipality organization was founded in these settlement areas after 1990s. Kavaklı had the highest development rate among these and its population went up from 2,170 in 1990 to 112,131 in 2007. The name Kavaklı was changed to Beylikdüzü in 2002 and it became the name of the district that was set up in 2008.¹²⁰ Kavaklı, which is the old name of the settlement, is still present as a neighborhood name.

Beylikdüzü has been an area where a great number of mass housing estates have been built especially since the beginning of 2000. While Adnan Kahveci neighborhood is the primary area where housing estates are mostly located, Marmara and Kavaklı followed it.

Yakuplu Merkez neighborhood is where most of the industry is located. Nationwide important facilities such as BOTAŞ facilities, Ambarlı Thermal Power Plant, Ambarlı Filling Facilities as well as many industrial facilities¹²¹ are in the area. Beylikdüzü started taking on the characteristics of a commercial center with several shopping centers lined up alongside the D 100 (E-5) highway as well as these industrial facilities in recent years.¹²²

Marmara¹²³ and Adnan Kahveci¹²⁴ neighborhoods are where most of the mass housing estates are located. The eastern and western sides of Yavuz Sultan Selim Boulevard in Adnan Kahveci neighborhood is where the housing estates are common. Furthermore, Ambarlı Port in Marmara neighborhood and the fourth marina of Istanbul¹²⁵ are the areas which attract attention as different areas of use.

Dereağzı, Sahil and Kavaklı neighborhoods in southern sections of the district are not densely populated as opposed to the northern and eastern sections of the district. These parts still maintain their feature as summer resort where a large number of secondary houses are located.

The first population data of the district that was set up in 2008, belong to the same year. The population of the district was 185,633 in 2008. It increased in the following years and reached 229,115 in 2012, and 314,670 in 2017. Accordingly, the population increased by 23% between 2008-2012. Female population was higher than male population in Beylikdüzü in aforementioned years. However, the difference is far from being apparent and the female population was 51% in 2017.

Kavaklı, which constitutes the center of Beylikdüzü district, was a village with a population of 866 in 1980. The population which was 2,170 in 1990 increased by 18 times in a decade and reached 39,884 in 2000. The main and significant increase was in 2000 and 2007. The migration the region received was the reason of such a big increase. The population reached 112,131 in 2007. Gürpınar and Yakuplu experienced similar development in terms of population growth processes, but the amount of increase in Gürpınar and Yakuplu was not as much as Kavaklı’s. However, Adnan Kahveci, Barış and Yakuplu neighborhoods became the most populous quarters of Beylikdüzü since 2008.

A large part of the population migrated to Beylikdüzü after 1990s. People from Trabzon, Sivas, Malatya, Tokat and Samsun take the first place. 36% of the population is from Trabzon. However, Marmara region takes the first place with 30% in terms of the distribution of the population by geographical regions. The Black Sea region takes the second place with 22% and the East Anatolia region is the third region with 18% in Beylikdüzü. The area of newly constructed houses in Beylikdüzü has received migration from the central districts of the city.

BEYOĞLU

Beyoğlu district, which is located in the north of historical peninsula and Golden Horn, neighbors Eyüpsultan, Kağıthane and Şişli in the north. Golden Horn is in its west and south and Bosphorus is in the southeast. It has a boundary with Beşiktaş in the east. Beyoğlu ranks the second smallest district with an area of 8.91 km² after Güngören. It had 236,606 inhabitants in 2017.

Beyoğlu became a province for a short time, then a district again in 1924. Beyoğlu was one of the seven districts of Istanbul in 1927. It had seven subdistricts including the center in 1935. Şişli, which is one of the most important districts of Istanbul today, was a subdistrict of Beyoğlu. Other subdistricts were Merkez, Galata, Hasköy, Kasımpaşa, Kemerburgaz and Taksim. All subdistricts except Kemerburgaz had municipality organization. Beyoğlu had 11 villages in 1935. One of the villages was Kağıthane which is a district today. Other 10 villages were in Kemerburgaz. When Eyüpsultan district was set up in 1936, Kemerburgaz was included in Eyüpsultan. Thus, the administrative structure and boundaries of Beyoğlu district changed too. When Şişli became a district in 1954, Kağıthane, the last village of Beyoğlu, was given to Şişli. Subdistricts were abolished in the following years. There were no subdistricts in 1970. There were 54¹²⁶ neighborhoods in 1934 and 41¹²⁷ in 1971 within the limits of the municipality. Beyoğlu is comprised of 45 neighborhoods (Table 14).

Beyoğlu, which is one of the oldest districts of Istanbul, was the most populous one among seven districts in the first census of the Republic period in 1927. 36% of the population of Istanbul, which was 294,025 people, lived there. 2.3% of this population lived in villages.

Beyoğlu population decreased after the first census and went down to 235,000 in 1935. The change in administrative boundaries played a role in this. Because the number of districts which was 4 in 1927 on the European side, went up to 8 in 1935. The population had a slight increase later and reached 247,000 in 1940. It reached its highest value with 279,238 in 1950. After Şişli separated from Beyoğlu, the population went down to 216,000 in 1960. Even though the population had a slight increase in 1970, it decreased to 223,360 in 1980. Actually, Beyoğlu population followed a stable course from 1960 on. Being one of the most developed areas in central business activities of Istanbul, it had slight increases in population.¹²⁸ Beyoğlu population was 246,152 in 2012, and 236,606 in 2017.

Male population was always higher in Beyoğlu except 1927. The male population rate reached its highest point with 55% in 1970. The male population rate was 51% in 2017. Accordingly, gender structure of the population has a balanced distribution in Beyoğlu.

85% of Beyoğlu population is not originally from Istanbul. A considerable part of the population migrated to Beyoğlu. The provinces that Beyoğlu received migration from are primarily Giresun, Sivas, Mardin, Rize and Kastamonu. The Black Sea region takes the first place with 33% in Beyoğlu in terms of distribution of the population by geographical regions. Marmara region comes second with 20%. Central Anatolia, East and Southeast Anatolia regions have a considerable number of people in Beyoğlu as well.

Table 14- Neighborhood population of Beyoğlu (2017)

According to the data from 1927, agriculture takes the first place with 27% in the distribution of population into professions. Other important sectors were trade (26%) and industry (18%). According to the data of 2000, manufacturing industry takes the first place in the employment of the population with 33%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector follows it with 24%. Community services, social and personal services group is the third with 20%.¹²⁹

Piyalepaşa, Kaptanpaşa, Piripaşa, Fetihtepe and Hacıahmet are the most populous neighborhoods of Beyoğlu. On the other hand, Arap Cami neighborhood is the smallest area (Table 14).

BÜYÜKÇEKMECE

Büyükçekmece district, taking its name from the lake it is on, is located in the west of Istanbul on the European side. It is surrounded by Marmara Sea from the south and it neighbors Çatalca and Arnavutköy in the north, Esenyurt in the east, Beylikdüzü in southeast and Silivri in the west. The district is formed by the fields that are on the east and west sides of Büyükçekmece Lake. Büyükçekmece’s boundaries took their final shape in 2008. The area of the district 157.72 km² within the new administrative boundaries. It had 243,474 inhabitants in 2017.

Büyükçekmece was the central subdistrict of Çatalca in 1935. Its population was 8,832 and there were 19 villages including Büyükçekmece village. Büyükçekmece had a municipality organization in 1965 and this administrative structure stayed unchanged until it became a district in 1987.¹³⁰ 13 villages¹³¹ became connected to the district. Esenyurt which was one of these villages became a district with the same name while Kavaklı, Gürpınar and Yakuplu villages were integrated into a new district called Beylikdüzü.

Table 15- Neighborhood population of Büyükçekmece (2017)

There were 5 neighborhoods in the center of the district in 2000.¹³² These are Atatürk, Cumhuriyet, Dizdariye, Fatih and 19 Mayıs neighborhoods. However, when the neighborhoods belonging to the first tier municipalities, which were abolished with a regulation in 2008, were included in the center, the number of the neighborhoods reached 23. Büyükçekmece district currently has 24 neighborhoods (Table 15).

The population of Büyükçekmece was 142,910 in 1990. 16% of this population lived in the district center and the rest 84% was in the villages. Esenyurt, Gürpınar, Tepecik, Mimarsinan and Kumburgaz, were greatest villages with a municipality organization under Büyükçekmece. Even Esenyurt had a greater population than the district center. The district population increased by over 1.5 (168%) after 1990 and reached 384,089 in 2000. Büyükçekmece had the highest increase in population in Istanbul between 1990 and 2000. It had the biggest annual population growth (9.8%) among 32 districts of Istanbul.¹³³

There was a big decrease in the district population after 2000. Especially after separation of the greater villages in 2008, the population of the district went down to 201,000 in 2012 with a decrease of 48%. Hürriyet, Fatih, Atatürk, Pınartepe and Mimaroba neighborhoods are the primary places where most of the population is settled (Table 15).

In Büyükçekmece, 86% of the population was male in 1940. The most important reason for this situation was the military troops sent to the area due to the World War II. Female population is currently 50%, being slightly more than male population.

24% of the district population is originally from Istanbul and 76% came from other provinces like Tokat, Trabzon, Erzurum, Samsun and Sinop. The Black Sea region takes the first place in Büyükçekmece’s population in terms of distribution by geographical regions. 33% of the district is from the Black Sea. Marmara region has a share of 31% due to the high number of people from Istanbul in the district. 15% of the district population is constituted by people from the East Anatolia region.

Agriculture and farming, which were the main source of income until recently, were pushed back due to social and economic change and rapid city growth. According to the data of 2000, 27% of the population was employed in community services, social and personal services group. It was followed by manufacturing industry with 25%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector came the third with 20%.¹³⁴

ÇATALCA

Çatalca district is in the northwest of Istanbul. The northern boundary of the district ends in the Black Sea. It neighbors Arnavutköy in the east, and Büyükçekmece and Silivri in the south. It has boundaries with Silivri and Tekirdağ in the west. A part of Arnavutköy boundary coincides with Durusu Lake. There is a short distance boundary with Küçükçekmece Lake in the southeast. Çatalca is the biggest district of Istanbul with an area of 1,040.38 km². It had 69,057 inhabitants in 2017.

Çatalca constituted almost half of Istanbul (46%) with its area of 2,525 km² in 1927. This proportion decreased with the establishment of new districts that separated from Çatalca. The district reached its final boundaries in 2008. Bahşayış, Baklalı, Balaban, Boyalık, Delikkaya, Dursunköy, Durusu, Hadımköy, Karaburun, Nakkaş, Ömerli, Sazlıbosna, Yassıören and Yeşilbayır villages of Çatalca were given to newly founded Arnavutköy district.

Çatalca was set up as a district in 1926, so it is one of the oldest districts of Istanbul. It had 4 subdistricts, namely Merkez, Boyalık, Büyükçekmece ve Karacaköy, and 73 villages in 1935. Büyükçekmece, Arnavutköy, Esenyurt which are districts today and Kavaklı, Gürpınar and Yakuplu that form Beylikdüzü district were villages of Çatalca in 1935.

The number of the villages decreased in Çatalca when some of the villages were given to Eyüpsultan in 1936. The district had 68 villages in 1940 and 64 in 1985. The number of subdistricts and villages decreased when Büyükçekmece became a district in 1987. Çatalca had 3 subdistricts and 48 villages in 1990. It had 27 villages in 2010. After the legal entities of the villages were abolished and they were turned into neighborhoods, Çatalca ended up with 39 neighborhoods.¹³⁵

The first population data related to Çatalca in the Republic period belong to 1927 census. The population of Çatalca district was 50,615 then. 94% of the population was in the villages and 6% was in the district center. The population of the district decreased to 42,218 in 1935, because of the changes in the administrative structure. However, the population of the district increased by 69% and reached 71,393 in 1940 with the effect of World War II. The male population which was 23,000 in 1935 went up to 52,000 in 1940. There was a considerable decrease in district population when soldiers left the area after the war. This decrease reached a rate of 32% between 1940 and 1950. The population which started growing after 1950 reached its highest value with 89,057 in 1980. However, separation of Büyükçekmece from Çatalca in 1987 caused a significant decrease and the population went down to 64,241 in 1990. Later, it started increasing again and reached 81,589 in 2000. However, after a part of its land including Hadımköy was given to the district of Arnavutköy, Çatalca had a big population loss in 2008. And it had a population of 69,057 in 2017.

Table 16- Neighborhood population of Çatalca (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Male population was always higher in Çatalca between 1927 and 2017. The highest male population was in 1940 due to the effect of the World War II. The male population rate was 51% in 2017.

A large part of Çatalca’s population is originally from Istanbul as opposed to several districts of Istanbul (67% of the population). Other people come from Tokat, Erzurum, Ordu and Sivas. From the point of the distribution of the population by regions, 71% of the district population is from Marmara, 13% from the Black Sea and 7% from the East Anatolia regions.

According to the data of 1927, agriculture took the first place with a share of 80% in the distribution of the population into professions. Each one of trade and industry had a share of 4%. According to the research of 2000, community services, social and personal services group was the sector with the highest employment rate with a share of 26,9% in the district center. It was followed by manufacturing industry with 26,7%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector took the third place with a share of 18%.¹³⁶

Çatalca district has a cultivation area of 83,906 decares, which includes arable lands (81,130 decares), vegetable gardens (2,101), orchards (614) and vineyards (60). According to the data of 2012, sunflower for oil takes the first place among agricultural products (in 43% of cultivated areas). Wheat follows it with 35%. The district has a grassland and meadow area of 17,214 decares. There are not any big-scale agricultural enterprise or farms. 18,000 cows and almost 31,000 sheep in Çatalca are kept mainly by almost 3,200 family businesses for dairy rather than livestock business.¹³⁷

Another significant asset of the district is its forests. The forests constitutes 70% of Çatalca’s area (74,362 hectares), and the district is one of the places where wood charcoal is produced in Istanbul.¹³⁸

Table 17- Neighborhood population of Çekmeköy

Source: TÜİK

ÇEKMEKÖY

Çekmeköy is one of the 15 districts of Istanbul on the Asian side. It neighbors Beykoz in the north, Şile and Ömerli Dam Lake in the east, Sancaktepe in the south, Ümraniye in the southwest and Beykoz in the west. It covers an area of 148.16 km², and it had 248,859 inhabitants in 2017.

Çekmeköy became a district on 6 March 2008.¹³⁹ The district was set up through the integration of 17 neighborhoods and 4 villages (Reşadiye, Hüseyinli, Sırapınar, Koçulu) that were under Çekmeköy,¹⁴⁰ Alemdağ,¹⁴¹ Ömerli¹⁴² and Taşdelen¹⁴³ municipalities of Ümraniye. Also, a part of Paşaköy land of Kartal was included in the boundaries of the district. Administratively the district had 17 neighborhoods and 4 villages in 2010. However, this number rised to 21 neighborhoods after the legal entities of the villages were abolished and they turned into neighborhoods.¹⁴⁴

Çekme, which is the center of the district, was a village under Kısıklı subdistrict of Üsküdar district for a very long time, then it was given to Ümraniye district on 19 June 1987. And it became the district center, when Çekmeköy district was set up in 2008.

Mehmet Akif, Hamidiye, Çekmeköy Merkez, Mimarsinan and Çamlık neighborhoods are the most populous areas in the district (Table 17).

The population of Çekme in 1935 was 364. There was not a significant change in the population until 1980. However, Çekme received a great amount of migration from early 1980s and grew rapidly. The population which was 1938 in 1980 increased by 7 times and reached 13,523 in 1990. It reached 37,502 with an increase of three times in 2000. Çekme had a municipality organization then. The district population which was 147,352 in 2008 reached 193,182 in 2012 with an increase of 25%. According to the population data of 2017, 248,859 people were registered in Çekmeköy.

There was not a significant differentiation in the distribution of the population into genders in Çekme until 1980. However, 78% of the population was male in 1980. This ratio decreased considerably later and it was 51% in 2008 and 2017.

People who come from different parts of Anatolia constitute the majority of Çekmeköy population. Only 15% of the population is originally from Istanbul. Sivas, Ordu and Kars take the first place among these provinces. It is necessary to add Kastamonu, Tokat, Erzurum and Rize to this list too. The Black Sea region takes the first place (38%) in the distribution of the migrants into geographical regions. It is followed by the East Anatolia region with 22% and Marmara region with 19%.

Çekmeköy has become the residence area for employees working in İMES, MODOKO and Dudullu Organized Industry Zone due to its proximity to these sites. Şile highway and metro line to Üsküdar facilitated the transportation to Çekmeköy and increased its attraction. Particularly Merkez, Mimarsinan and Hamidiye neighborhoods have developed as the areas where many housing estates and luxury houses have been built since the beginning of 2000. 17 August 1999 earthquake was influential in this development and the demand for residential areas in the northern parts of Istanbul showed itself in this region, too.

ESENLER

Esenler, which is located in the northwest of historical peninsula on the European side of Istanbul, does not have a shoreline. It neighbors Başakşehir and Sultangazi in the north and Bayrampaşa and Gaziosmanpaşa in the east. Güngören is in the south, Zeytinburnu is in the southeast and Bağcılar is in the west of the district. The surface area of the district is 18.43 km², and it had 454,569 inhabitants in 2017.

Esenler village, which is the district center of Esenler, had been in Mahmutbey subdistrict of Bakırköy in 1935. Esenler which had a municipality organization in 1970 was a village of Bakırköy in 1980. Esenler became a neighborhood of Güngören district, which was established on 27 May 1992. However, this did not last long. It became a district with the administrative integration of 16 neighborhoods of Güngören on 27 December 1993.¹⁴⁵ 16 neighborhoods that constitute the district were Birlik, Çiftehavuzlar, Davutpaşa, Fatih, Fevzi Çakmak, Habipler, Havaalanı, Karabayır, Kâzımkarabekir, Kemer, Menderes, Mimarsinan, Namık Kemal, Nine Hatun, Turgutreis and Yavuzselim. Habipler neighborhood was included in Sultangazi district that was founded in 2008, and the name of Karabayır was changed as Tuna. Also, Turgut Reis was divided and a new neighborhood called Oruçreis was set up. The latest change in administrative boundaries of Esenler district was in 2008. A part of the district land was included in Başakşehir, Sultangazi and Bağcılar districts. The district is currently comprised of 16 neighborhoods (Table 18).

The population of Esenler village, which formed the core of Esenler district, was 231 in 1935. The population which was 312 in 1950 increased by 11 times and reached 3,482 in 1960. The rapid growth of the population went on in the following years and reached 31,382 in 1970 withan increase of 9 times. The population which was 68,509 in 1980 in Esenler, which experienced a rapid population growth, reached 223,826 in 1990 with an increase of over 3 times. The population kept growing after it became a district in 1993.

Table 18- Neighborhood population of Esenler

The population of Esenler district was 380,709 in 2000 and reached 517,235 in 2007. However, when Başakşehir neighborhood was included into Başakşehir district and Habipler neighborhood was connected to Sultangazi district, Esenler had a considerable population loss and the population went down to 464,557 in 2008. It was 458,694 in 2012, and 454,569 in 2017. 51% of the population was male in 2017.

Turgutreis, Fatih, Oruçreis, Nine Hatun and Kâzımkarabekir neighborhoods are the most populous places in the district (Table 18).

Esenler started receiving migration in 1960s but the area received a considerable amount of migration particularly after 1980. The major cities Esenler received migration from are Malatya, Kastamonu, Sivas, Sinop, Giresun and Samsun. Only 6% of Esenler population is from Istanbul according to the population registration data. The Black Sea region comes first in terms of distribution of population by geographical regions. People from the Black Sea region are the majority by far in the district. 37% of the population is from the Black Sea. East Anatolia (17%), Central Anatolia (15%) and Southeast Anatolia (15%) follow the Black Sea.

According to the data of 2000, manufacturing industry takes the first place with 51% in the employment of the working population in Esenler. The presence of industrial facilities in the district and its proximity to industrial areas (Maltepe, İkitelli, İSTOÇ) have been significant factors in this high ratio. It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 17%. Community services, social and personal services group takes the third place with 17%.¹⁴⁶

ESENYURT

Esenyurt, located in the north of Istanbul between Büyük and Küçükçekmece lakes, is one of the newly founded districts of Istanbul. It neighbors Başakşehir and Arnavutköy in the north, and Beylikdüzü and Avcılar in the south. Büyükçekmece is in the west and Avcılar is in the east of the district. The south and west boundaries of the district coincide with highways. D 100 highway separetes the districts of Beylikdüzü and Avcılar from Esenyurt in the south and Kıraç-TEM access road in the west separates the district of Büyükçekmece from Esenyurt. The district of Esenyurt covers an area of 43.13 km² within these boundaries. Having 846,492 inhabitants, it was the most populous district of Istanbul in 2017.

Esenyurt district was set up with the integration of 22 neighborhoods that were under Esenyurt,¹⁴⁷ Kıraç,¹⁴⁸ Yakuplu,¹⁴⁹ Avcılar¹⁵⁰ and Bahçeşehir¹⁵¹ on 6 March 2008.¹⁵² All of them except Yeşilkent neighborhood of Avcılar used to belong to Büyükçekmece. Esenyurt, Kıraç, Çakmaklı and Hoşdere were villages of Büyükçekmece in 1990.

Table 19- Neighborhood population of Esenyurt (2017)

Until 1990s, the growth of settlement area in Esenyurt district kept its rural characteristic to a large extent. There were Esenyurt, Kıraç and Çakmaklı villages and Ömerli Farm¹⁵³ in the areas of the district. Also some part of Hoşdere village was included in this area. The district took the name of one of these villages, and the names Kıraç and Çakmaklı are still used as the names of quarters, work places, buildings and schools. Today, all parts of the district except empty spaces in Atatürk, Akçaburgaz and Örnek neighborhoods are settlement areas.

Esenyurt, which is the center of the district, had 374 people and was one of the 19 villages in Büyükçekmece that was a subdistrict of Çatalca district in 1935. Its name was Ekşinoz in 1960 but became Esenyurt in 1965. Esenyurt village was under Çatalca until 1987. When Büyükçekmece became a district that year, it was given to Büyükçekmece. Esenyurt was a settlement area with a population of 70,280 in Büyükçekmece in 1990 and it had a municipality organization. The population and spatial development after 1980 was reflected on the administrative status and Esenyurt became a district in 2008.¹⁵⁴

There was not a significant or distinct increase in population until 1980. For example, the population of Esenyurt was 923 in 1970. But it increased as much as by 7 times and reached 6,636 in 1980. This rapid growth continued and it reached 70,280 in 1990. The population was 148,981 in 2000 and reached 373,017 in 2008. After becoming a district with other neighborhoods that joined it, its population grew substantially. It has a population of 846,492 and 51% of the population is male (2017). It has 43 neighborhoods and Pınar, Mehterçeşme, Yeşilkent, Osmangazi, Süleymaniye, Bağlarçeşme and Çınar are the most populous ones (Table 19).

People from Ardahan takes the first place in terms of the distribution of the population into cities. Istanbul follows it. There are a significant number of people from Tokat, Van, Samsun, Ordu, Kars and Erzurum. East Anatolia region (36%) has the highest population in terms of the distribution of the population by geographical regions. The Black Sea region is the second with 33% and Marmara is the third with 12%. This data indicates that the majority of the population migrated to the region and explains the reason for the rapid population growth in Esenyurt.

Esenyurt district has two main transportation routes of Istanbul. D 100 (E-5) passes through the south of the district and TEM highway passes through the north. Also, the access roads which connect these two main routes to each other are within the boundaries of the district. TEM - D 100 Haramidere access road in the east of the district and TEM-Kıraç access road in the west presents a convenient environment to the district in terms of transportation. The surroundings of these two routes have become the primary areas for many shopping centers, industrial facilities, mass housing estates, the luxury housing sites. Being out of Istanbul’s center but not too far from it, Esenyurt has become a favored place.

Esenyurt experienced a rapid growth process since the end of 1990s. It became one of the significant housing and industrial areas of Istanbul. There are two regions where mass housing estates and luxury houses get dense. One of them is the area formed by Esenkent,¹⁵⁵ Sanayi¹⁵⁶ and Ardıçlı¹⁵⁷ neighborhoods in the north of the district. Easy access provided by TEM highway is an important advantage and these areas became the field of application for many housing projects at the end of 1990s.

Another important housing area in Esenyurt is the area formed by Atatürk, Cumhuriyet ve Güzelyurt (Haramidere) neighborhoods in the southern part of the district. Many luxury houses have been built named as housing estates, mansion, “residence” and “city” in this area in the north of D100 highway. Mass housing estates built by KİPTAŞ in addition to these two areas indicate that Esenyurt is a significant settlement area.¹⁵⁸

Esenyurt has been growing rapidly since early 2000 and offered space to many shopping centers. There are shopping centers in the north of TEM highway¹⁵⁹ in addition to other shopping centers¹⁶⁰ which are lined up alongside D 100 (E 5) highway in the southern part of the district.

Most of the industry is located in Sanayi neighborhood in the north of Esenyurt, where there is a variety of industrial plants such as textiles, plastic, concrete, auto, wire, electricity and metal.¹⁶¹ İncirtepe,¹⁶² Akçaburgaz,¹⁶³ Örnek¹⁶⁴ neighborhoods are the other industrial areas of the district.

EYÜPSULTAN

Eyüpsultan is one of the important districts of Istanbul in terms of history and religion. Its name was Eyüpsultan until October 2017, and was changed as Eyüpsultan at that time. It neighbors the Black Sea in the north, Sarıyer, Şişli and Kağıthane in the east and Beyoğlu and Fatih in the south. It has boundaries with Gaziosmanpaşa, Sultangazi and Arnavutköy in the west and Bayrampaşa in the southwest. Eyüpsultan district which has a shoreline of the Black Sea in the north is at the same time connected to Bosphorus through Golden Horn in the south. Eyüpsultan district and Eyüpsultan quarter, the district center, take their name from Eyüp Sultan Tomb and Eyüp Mosque, which are among important religious centers of Istanbul. It covers an area of 228.42 km², and it had 381,114 inhabitants in 2017.

Eyüpsultan was a subdistrict in Fatih in 1935 and it had a village (Alibeyköy). Its population was 21,000 and it had a municipality organization. It was set up as the 16^th district of Istanbul in 1936. There were three subdistricts (Merkez, Rami and Kemerburgaz) in Eyüpsultan in 1945. Kemerburgaz which was in Beyoğlu district before, was given to Eyüpsultan in 1936. Eyüpsultan had 20 villages in 1945, 9 of which were in Kemerburgaz, 1 in Merkez and 10 in Rami. Sağmalcılar village¹⁶⁵ was set up in Rami subdistrict and the number of villages reached 21 in 1955. From these villages, Sağmalcılar (with the name Bayrampaşa) and Arnavutköy became districts in 1990 and 2008 respectively.

Table 20- Neighborhood population of Eyüpsultan

Eyüpsultan was one of the primary areas that received migration. The population grew as a result of migrations; new settlement areas appeared and new administrative units were set up in those places. When Gaziosmanpaşa district was founded in 1963, the number of villages which was 22 in Eyüpsultan in 1960, went down to 9 in 1965.

Eyüpsultan had Merkez and Kemerburgaz subdistricts (bucak) in 1970, and 10 villages, 2 of which were attached to Merkez and 8 to Kemerburgaz. This administrative structure stayed unchanged in 1980s. There were some changes in the number of villages and Eyüpsultan had 7 villages in 2012 when the legal entities of the villages in Istanbul were abolished. Eyüpsultan currently has 28 neighborhoods (Table 20).

The district population was 34,934 in the first census carried out in 1940 after Eyüpsultan became a district. 20,811 of the population were male and 14,128 were female. The population which was 44,938 in 1950, became 180,011 in 1960 increasing by 4 times in 10 years. The most important reason for this population increase in a short time was Eyüpsultan’s share from the migration wave Istanbul experienced at the beginning of 1950s. Migrants and people who came from different parts of the country were placed in Taşlıtarla quarter of Eyüpsultan between 1952 and 1954. Thus, the population in Taşlıtarla constituted an important part of the population growth in Eyüpsultan district between 1950 and 1960.

Although Eyüpsultan had a significant population loss when Gaziosmanpaşa separated from it in 1963, the population of the district continued growing rapidly and reached 238,831 in 1970 with an increase of 33%. After the population grew rapidly and constantly between 1950 and 1980 and reached 331,507 in 1980, it declined to 211,986 in 1990 with a decrease of 36%. The reason for this decline was the separation of Bayrampaşa (Sağmalcılar) from Eyüpsultan. The population which started increasing again after 1990, reached 381,114 in 2017.

Male population has always been higher in the gender structure of district population. This surplus reached its highest value of 60% in 1940 and went down to 50.2 % in 2017.

The majority of the population lived in the city center while 35% of the population lived in the villages and subdistricts in 1935. The village population decreased constantly and today there is no village.

Only a small portion of the population of Eyüpsultan district is originally from Istanbul (20%). The reason for this is that Eyüpsultan is one of the quarters that received migration since 1950 when the big migrations to Istanbul started. Eyüpsultan received a significant amount of migration from Giresun, Sivas, Kastamonu, Erzurum, Samsun Ordu and Tokat according to population registration data. The Black Sea, Marmara, East and Central Anatolia regions take an important place in Eyüpsultan in the distribution of the population by geographical regions. 33% of the population in Eyüpsultan is from the Black Sea region. It is followed by Marmara with 29% and East Anatolia with 19%.

Akşemsettin, Yeşilpınar, Göktürk Merkez, Güzeltepe, Çırçır and Karadolap neighborhoods are the most populous areas and they are in the north of the historical core where Eyüp Sultan mosque and tomb are located (Table 20).

38% of the working population in Eyüpsultan is employed in manufacturing industry. Community services, social and personal services group follows it with 21%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector is the third with 19%.¹⁶⁶

The central and historical settlement areas of Eyüpsultan district is by the Golden Horn and next to the historical peninsula, and it stretches out to the Black Sea in the north. The highway leading to the third bridge (Yavuz Sultan Selim) that passes from the north of the district as well as the New Istanbul Project, when realized, will lead to the appearance of new areas in the near future.

FATIH

Fatih is located in the center of Istanbul, that is the historical peninsula. Three sides of Fatih are surrounded by the sea, namely the Golden Horn from the north, Marmara Sea from the south and Bosphorus from the east. It is separated from Eyüpsultan and Zeytinburnu districts by the city walls in the west. According to these boundaries, Fatih district is formed by the old city known as Suriçi (walled city) and Istanbul the proper. After Eminönü district was abolished in 2008, Fatih became the only district of the historical peninsula.¹⁶⁷ The district took its name from the Ottoman ruler Fatih Sultan Mehmed who conquered Istanbul. It covers an area of 15.59 km², and it had 433,873 inhabitants in 2017.

The city of Istanbul was comprised of 7 districts in 1927¹⁶⁸ and Fatih was not among them. Istanbul (Merkez) district was in the area where Fatih district is located now. Fatih became a district on 15 May 1930.¹⁶⁹ It had 6 subdistricts (Merkez, Şehremini, Eyüpsultan, Fener, Samatya and Karagümrük) and 83 neighborhoods in 1930.¹⁷⁰

All subdistrict centers had municipality organizations in 1935. The only village of Fatih was Alibeyköy with a population of 701 in Eyüpsultan subdistrict. However, when Eyüpsultan separated from Fatih and became a district in 1936, the number of subdistricts declined to 5 and Fatih lost its only village. This administrative structure lasted until 1970s. Fatih district did not have any subdistricts in 1970 and had 69 neighborhoods within the boundaries of the municipality.¹⁷¹ The number of the neighborhoods stayed unchanged until 2008. At that time, the number of the neighborhoods decreased to 24 with a regulation by Fatih municipality on 7 July 2008.¹⁷² When the integration of Eminönü with Fatih was put into effect in 2009, the number of the neighborhoods in Fatih went up to 57. Fatih district currently has 57 neighborhoods (Table 21).

There were some changes in district boundaries in time. The area of the district which was 30 km² in 1935 went down to 19 km² with the separation of Eyüpsultan. Again, when Kazlıçeşme and Maltepe neighborhoods were included in Zeytinburnu, which became a district in 1957, the area of Fatih declined to 13 km². The last change in the boundaries of the district was the abolition of Eminönü district in 2008 and its inclusion in Fatih. Fatih’s area increased to 15.59 km² with this last change.

Fatih district situated in the historical peninsula, the center of Istanbul. This area always accommodated a big population group. Istanbul (Merkez) district was located in the historical peninsula in 1927, where Fatih is located now, and it had a population of 261,504. Fatih and Eminönü districts were set up in this area in 1930. The population of Fatih in 1935 was 172,902. Only 701 people from this population lived in the only village, Alibeyköy. 49% of the district population was male and the rest was female. Fatih was the second most populous district of Istanbul after Beyoğlu then and possessed 20% of Istanbul’s population.

Table 21- Neighborhood population of Fatih

Source: TÜİK

After 1935, the population declined by 7% and went down to 160,589 in 1940. The separation of Eyüpsultan from Fatih caused this decline. However, the population started growing between 1940 and 1980. It had a population of 474,578 in 1980, but started decreasing after this. There was a decline of 13% between 1990 and 2000. Fatih was one of the 5 districts whose population shrank between these years in Istanbul. Migration from the districts in central parts to the new settlement areas around the city, where mass housing estates were located, was influential in this decline. When Eminönü joined Fatih in 2008, the population had a slight increase and reached 443,955. However, this integration could not stop the population decline and the population went down to 433,796 in 2009. It had a population of 433,873 in 2017. However, this is the number of Turkish citizens only. In fact, Fatih received thousands of Syrian refugees after 2011, and hosted thousands of foreign citizens from different countries as well, so it turned to a multicultural city as it was in the end of 19^th century, but more colourful now. Thus, Fatih is among the most densely populated districts of Istanbul.

There is a stable distribution in the gender structure of the district population. The female population ratio in 1935 (51%) has not changed considerably until 2012 (50.5% female). 50.1% of the population is male in 2017.

23% of the population in the district was originally from Istanbul. For a central and historical district like Fatih this ratio is pretty low. People from Kastamonu, Malatya, Siirt, Mardin and Trabzon come after Istanbul. Marmara region takes the first place with 30% due to high number of people from Istanbul in the distribution of the population by geographical region. It is followed by the Black Sea region with 22%, Southeast region with 17%, and East Anatolia with 14%.

From the point of economic activities and employment, the manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with 28%, and wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector follows it with a ratio of 27%. Community services, social and personal services group ranks the third with 23%.¹⁷³ Today, Fatih district is a place where trade and tourism are the most popular sectors. The presence of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, administrative center of Istanbul, and Istanbul University strengthens the central feature of Fatih.

The seven hills on which Istanbul was founded, are in Fatih district: The hills where Topkapı Palace, Çemberlitaş, Süleymaniye Mosque, Fatih Mosque, Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque are located, as well as the hills where Mihrimah Sultan Mosque is located in Edirnekapı and Altımermer (Çukur Bostan) Cistern in Kocamustafapaşa.

Eminönü quarter which has been an important commercial area since the Ottoman period has been a place not favored for residential aims. Eminönü has been one of the smallest areas of Istanbul. There is a big difference in number of people between daytime and nighttime in Eminönü where there are not many residential areas, but many historical commercial buildings, open air markets, hotels and government buildings.

Seyyid Ömer, Akşemsettin, Hırka-i Şerif, Şehremini, Kocamustafapaşa and Mevlanakapı are the most populous neighborhoods in Fatih. Sarıdemir neighborhood on the contrary has a low population numer and is the smallest neighborhood in Istanbul. There are 6 neighborhoods with a population less than 100 people (Table 21). These neighborhoods are in the eastern parts of the district.

GAZİOSMANPAŞA

Gaziosmanpaşa is one of the districts on the European side of Istanbul, which does not have a shoreline. It neighbors Eyüpsultan in the east, Bayrampaşa and Esenler (a short boundary) in the west, Sultangazi in the north and Eyüpsultan and Bayrampaşa in the south. The boundary which separates the district from Sultangazi district passes through TEM (O-2) highway. It covers an area of 11.76 km², and it had 497,959 inhabitants in 2017.

The last change in Gaziosmanpaşa district boundaries was in 2008. Hacımaşlı, Yeniköy and Tayakadın villages of Gaziosmanpaşa were included in the newly founded Arnavutköy district and its 13¹⁷⁴ neighborhoods were linked to Sultangazi district.

Taşlıtarla quarter forms the core of Gaziosmanpaşa district. Taşlıtarla as a quarter in the northwest of Eyüp was not a settlement area until 1950. Settlement in Taşlıtarla started with the placement of Turkish people who were subjected to forced migration from Bulgaria in 1950. This place was called Taşlıtarla Migrant Houses in the city plan of 1955.¹⁷⁵ 2,014 houses were built in Taşlıtarla by the state for the immigrants.¹⁷⁶ Yugoslavian immigrants have been also settled in Taşlıtarla since 1954.¹⁷⁷ Taşlıtarla population grew rapidly due to migrations from different parts of the country as well, particularly the Black Sea,¹⁷⁸ as part of domestic migration, that started in 1950s, thus the quarter became a place where a significant number of people gathered in a short time. As a result of these developments, Göktepe subdistrict, whose center was Taşlıtarla, was founded in 1958. The population of Göktepe was 54,544 in 1960. Göktepe turned into Gaziosmanpaşa district after a short while in 1963.

Gaziosmanpaşa became a district on 27 August 1963.¹⁷⁹ Thus, the number of the districts of Istanbul went up to 19. At that time, 6 neighborhoods in the center of Göktepe and 10 villages in Rami were integrated and the district of Gaziosmanpaşa was set up. The villages that were included in Gaziosmanpaşa were Arnavutköy, Boğazköy, Bolluca, Cebeci, Çilingir, Hacımaşlı, Haraççı, İmrahor, Küçükköy and Taşoluk. When Tayakadın village of Çatalca was included in the district in 1970, the number of the villages became 11. The number of villages which declined to 9 in 1985 with the abolition of Küçükköy and Cebeci villages, increased to 10 in 1990 with the inclusion of Yeniköy which was under Hadımköy subdistrict of Çatalca. Arnavutköy became a district in 2008 and separated from Gaziosmanpaşa. After the abolition of the villages in 2012, the district don’t have any villages now.¹⁸⁰

Table 22- Neighborhood population of Gaziosmanpaşa district

Source: TÜİK

There were 6 neighborhoods in district center in 1971.¹⁸¹ This number went up to 18¹⁸² in 1990 and 28 in 2000. However, there was a decline in the number of the neighborhoods due to the change in the administrative boundaries in 2008. 13 neighborhoods of Gaziosmanpaşa were given to newly founded Sultangazi district. Gaziosmanpaşa is currently comprised of 16 neighborhoods (Table 22).

Gaziosmanpaşa had a population of 89,538 according to the census carried out in 1965, two years after it was founded. The population increased rapidly after this date and reached 160,949 in 1975, and 289,841 in 1985. The population growth was 80% between 1965 and 1975 as well as 1975 and 1985. However, there was an increase of 122% between 1985 and 1997. Gaziosmanpaşa ranked sixth district of Turkey in terms of their population in 1997.¹⁸³ The population grew in every period but it increased significantly between 1990 and 2000, and it reached 752,389 in 2000. The population kept rising until 2007 and reached 890,522. Accordingly, the population of Gaziosmanpaşa increased by 10 times between 1965 and 2007. However, with the separation of Sultangazi from Gaziosmanpaşa in 2008, there was a decrease of 48% and it went down to 460,675. Despite this, the population grew slowly and reached 497,959 in 2017. Migrations were influential in the population growth. Domestic migrations added to the population growth that started with the settlement of the immigrants from Balkans at first.

78% of the population lived in the district center and 22% lived in subdistricts and villages in 1965 in terms of the geographical distribution. However, the rural population showed a rapid increase in time and constituted 53% of the population. Küçükköy - a village in administrative sense- played a role in this surplus. When Küçükköy’s administrative status was changed in 1981 and it was included in the district center, rural population experienced a decline. As a matter of fact, only 4% of the population was rural in 1985. However, rapid populating of Arnavutköy was influential in the rise of the rural rate (12% of the population in 2000).

Male population has always been higher in the gender distribution of the population. However, there have not been any big differences in the distribution. Male population was the highest with 53% in 1965. This ratio is currently 50.3% (2017).

A significant part of the population in Gaziosmanpaşa is concentrated in the northwest of the district. Karadeniz, Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa, Kazım Karabekir, Karayolları and Yenimahalle are the most populous neighborhoods. On the other hand, Yenidoğan which is the only neighborhood whose population decreased between 1990 and 2017, is the smallest neighborhood (Table 22).

According to the population data, only 16% of the population is originally from Istanbul and others come from different provinces of Turkey like Siirt, Kastamonu, Giresun, Malatya, Trabzon, Samsun and Kırklareli. These are the provinces Gaziosmanpaşa receives considerable migration from. The Black Sea region ranks the first in the distribution of the district population into geographical regions (32% of the population). Marmara ranks the second (28%) and it is followed by the East Anatolia (14%).

Gaziosmanpaşa, where 49% of the employees are working in the manufacturing industry, has the third highest number of workers in industry after Esenler and Bağcılar. Its proximity to industrial areas is the most important reason for that. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector follows it with 18%. Community services, social and personal services group ranks the third with 14%.¹⁸⁴

GÜNGÖREN

Güngören district, which is on the European side of Istanbul, neighbors Esenler and Bağcılar in the north, and Bahçelievler, Bakırköy and Zeytinburnu in the south. Esenler and Zeytinburnu are in the east of the district and Bahçelievler and Bağcılar are in the west. Güngören is the smallest district of Istanbul with an area of 7.21 km². Güngören, where a significant amount of population settled in a small area, has the second highest population density after Gaziosmanpaşa with 43,939 per km² according to the data of 2012. It had 296,967 inhabitants in 2017.

Güngören was a village in Mahmutköy subdistrict of Bakırköy in 1935. It became a municipality in 1966. Infrastructural developments, such as central water (in 1968) and electricity (in 1969), led to rapid settlement.¹⁸⁵ Güngören became a neighborhood of Bakırköy in 1981, and separated from Bakırköy on 27 May 1992 and was set up as a district having 27 neighborhoods.¹⁸⁶ After one year, 16 of these neighborhoods separated from Güngören when Esenler district was founded in 1993.¹⁸⁷ Güngören currently has 11 neighborhoods (Table 23).

Table 23- Neighborhood population of Güngören

Source: TÜİK

Güngören to a large extent is a residential housing zone. Apartment buildings are the dominant type in the district and are accompanied by housing estates in Abdurrahman Nafiz Gürman, Mehmet Nesih Özmen and Tozkoparan neighborhoods. There are not any big industrial facilities in Güngören, except a few facilities¹⁸⁸ in Sanayi neighborhood. Particularly Merter stands out as a place where the knitting ateliers are located in the district. There are two shopping centers in Güngören, one on D 100 (E-5)¹⁸⁹ and the other on Eski Londra motorway.¹⁹⁰

Güngören was a village with a population of 1,445 in 1935. Its population went up to 2,244 in 1940. A large part of the population was male during those years. The population was composed of 1,322 male and 123 female in 1935 and 2,094 male and 150 female in 1940. This situation was probably linked to the presence of military troops in the region since male population went down to 528 in 1945. This situation caused by the World War II changed as the war ended. This also led to a decrease in the number of people. The population went down from 2,244 in 1940 to 377 in 1950; however, there was a rapid growth after that. The population grew rapidly between 1950 and 1990. The population reached 3,070 in 1960, and 22,160 in 1970. However, the most important increase of the population was between 1980 and 1990. The population grew by nearly 3 times and the accrual was pretty high. The population which was 74,761 in 1980, reached 213,109 in 1990.

These developments in the population was reflected in the administrative structure and Güngören became a district in 1992. Separation of Esenler from Güngören did not stop the population growth and it reached 272,950 in 2000. The first census was in 1997 after Güngören became a district in 1992. The population that lived in the district was 271,853. The population grew slightly and reached 296,967 in 2017.

Güneştepe, Merkez and Gençosman neighborhoods are significant quarters where most of the population is concentrated (Table 23).

Half of that population was male (% 50,4). The male population surplus due to military reasons in 1935 and 1940 was far from being distinct in other years. Male-female population distribution displayed a stable status except the years mentioned above.

Güngören’s population grew rapidly as a result of migrations to Istanbul after 1950. Migrations and industrial facilities in immediate vicinity played a role in the population growth. Only 37,873 people (12%) in Güngören was registered from Istanbul in 2012. This is important for demonstrating the relationship between the population of Güngören and migrations. People from Trabzon, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Kastamonu and Sivas rank the first. From the point of the distribution of the population by geographical regions, the Black Sea region takes the first place with 29%. It is followed by the East Anatolia with 18% and Marmara region with 17.8%, and by the Southeast Anatolia with 15.7%.

The distribution of the population into economic activities in Güngören shows the economic structure of the district. The manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with a share of 40%. It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 21%. Community services, social and personal services group comes the third with 17%.¹⁹¹

KADIKÖY

Kadıköy, which is one of the important and oldest districts of Istanbul in the Asian side, neighbors Üsküdar in the north, Ataşehir in the east and Maltepe in the southeast. The district has a boundary with Marmara Sea in the south. It covers an area of 25.09 km², and it had 451,453 inhabitants in 2017.

Kadıköy became a district on 15 May 1930.¹⁹² There were three subdistricts (Merkez, Kızıltoprak and Erenköy) and 17 neighborhoods in the mentioned subdistricts then.¹⁹³ Merkez and Erenköy subdistricts had municipality organizations in 1935. Küçükbakkalköy in Erenköy subdistrict was the only village with a population of 184. Kadıköy kept this administrative structure for a long time and had only one subdistrict (Merkez) and one village (Küçükbakkalköy) in 1970. There were 16 neighborhoods within the municipality boundaries in 1971.¹⁹⁴ The legal entity of Küçükbakkalköy as a village ended on 11 March 1981 and it became a neighborhood. Kadıköy did not have any villages or subdistricts in 1985. The district was composed of 26 neighborhoods in 1990 and 28 neighborhoods in 2000. After Atatürk, Barbaros, İçerenköy, İnönü, Kayışdağı, Küçükbakkalköy and Yenisahra neighborhoods were included in Ataşehir district in 2008, the number of the neighborhoods decreased to 21. Kadıköy currently has 21 neighborhoods (Table 24).

The boundaries of Kadıköy changed in time due to the administrative changes. It had an area of 40 km² in 2000 but lost some part of its land with the establishment of Ataşehir and declined to 25.09 km².

The population of Kadıköy, which is one of the oldest districts of Istanbul, increased by nearly 10 times between 1935 and 2017. While the population kept growing constantly between 1935 and 2008, there was a significant decrease with the separation of Ataşehir from Kadıköy.

Kadıköy followed a usual population growth course between 1935 and 1950. However, it started growing prominently after 1950 and reached 131,328 in 1960 with an increase rate of 68%. In the period between 1960 and 1970, the growth rate reached 83% and the population was 241,593 in 1970. The most significant increase happened between 1970 and 1980 with 93%. The population of Kadıköy increased to 468,217 in 1980. It became the greatest district in Istanbul and fourth in Turkey with a population of 695,232 in 1997.¹⁹⁵ The population reachedits peak with 744,670 in 2007. After the separation of Ataşehir, the population went down to 533,452 with a decrease of 28% in 2008. It kept declining and went down to 521,005 in 2012 and 451,453 in 2017.

Table 24- Neighborhood population of Kadıköy

Source: TÜİK

1935, 1960 and 1970 were the years when male population was higher in the distribution of the population into genders in Kadıköy. 1935 had the highest male population with 53%. Female population was higher in other census years, and it was 55% in 2017.

The number of people who are originally from Istanbul is pretty high in Kadıköy (33%). When the fact that people from Sivas take the second place with 3%, is taken into consideration, the difference from other districts of Istanbul is easily understood. There are also a significant numer of people that come from Sivas, Rize, Trabzon, Kastamonu, Ordu and Ankara in the district. Marmara region takes the first place with 42% in terms of the distribution of the population by geographical regions. The Black Sea region follows it with 23% and then comes the Central Anatolia region with 12%.

Göztepe, Kozyatağı, Merdivenköy, Bostancı and Erenköy are the most populous neighborhoods (Table 24). The population of all neighborhoods decreased between 2011 and 2017 except Hasanpaşa, Rasimpaşa and Osmanağa.

From the point of economic activities and employment, community services, social and personal services group has the highest employment rate with a share of 27%. It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 22%. Manufacturing industry takes the third place with 18%.¹⁹⁶

KÂĞITHANE

Kağıthane, which was famous for being a place of recreation in Ottoman times, is on the European side of Istanbul. Kağıthane neighbors Şişli district in the north, south and east. Beyoğlu is in the southwest and Eyüpsultan is in the west of the district. The surface area is 14.87 km². It had 442,694 inhabitants in 2017.

Kağıthane village, which is the center of the district, was included in Beyoğlu in 1935. It was the only village of Şişli subdistrict of Beyoğlu then. Kağıthane village, which had a municipality organization in 1940, separated from Beyoğlu in 1954 and was included in Şişli, which was set up as a district then. It was one of the two villages of Şişli along with Ayazağa in 1955. In 1960s, it was also known as Sadabat, its name in the Ottoman times.¹⁹⁷ Kağıthane which was a village administratively until 1980, became a neighborhood of Şişli after that date and stayed so until 1987 when it was set up as a district.

Kâğıthane became a district on 19 June 1987.¹⁹⁸ The newly founded Kağıthane district had 8 neighborhoods: Çağlayan, Çeliktepe, Gültepe, Gürsel, Hürriyet, Ortabayır, Yahyakemal and Yenimahalle. All of these neighborhoods except Yenimahalle are still present today. The number of the neighborhoods raised to 16 in 1990. Kağıthane currently has 19 neighborhoods (Table 25).

Table 25- Neighborhood population of Kâğıthane

Source: TÜİK

Kağıthane was a village with a population of 1,180 in 1935. 787 of this population were male and 393 were female. Its population displayed a usual growth until 1950s. The population which was 1,431 in 1950 increased by 16 times as much and reached 22,818 in 1960. Such an increase caused by the first migration wave that was experienced during the Republic era. Industrial facilities in Kağıthane valley led to the construction of shanty towns and contributed greatly to the population growth. The population kept growing rapidly after 1960. It increased by 5 times and reached 111,427 in 1970. It continued growing in the following years too and reached 175,540 in 1980. The population of the district was 269,042 according to the general census in 1990 that was carried out three years after the establishment of Kağıthane district. It was 421,635 in 2012 and reached 442,694 in 2017.

66% of the population was male in 1935. The surplus of male population was 57% in 1960 and 52% in 1980. The distribution of the population into genders is balanced after that, and it was 50.5% in 2017.

Kağıthane went through a process of rapid population growth as a result of the domestic migrations which started in 1950s and the population structure of the district still carries the traces of these migrations. Only 10% of Kağıthane is from Istanbul. The ratio of people from Sivas (12%) is more than Istanbul’s. People from Kastamonu, Ordu, Giresun, Sinop, Samsun, Erzincan, Gümüşhane and Bitlis have also an important place among the people who constitute the population. The Black Sea region takes the first place in the distribution of the population by geographical regions. Nearly half of Kağıthane population (43%) is from the Black Sea region. Central Anatolia (18%), Marmara (14%) and East Anatolia (14%) are other important regions.

Hamidiye, Sultan Selim (the new name of Sanayi neighborhood), Talatpaşa and Çeliktepe are the most populous neighborhoods (Table 25).

Kağıthane, which was one of the historical recreational areas of Istanbul, turned into an important industrial area which started in 1950s. Kâğıthane valley was the primary expansion area for the industry, especially the parts of Merkez, Hamidiye, Gürsel and Şirintepe neighborhoods in the valley. Cendere Street and Kâğıthane-Barbaros Street, that stretched out as the continuation of the valley, were the parts where the industrial facilities got particularly dense. Sanayi and Yeşiltepe neighborhoods in the western part of Büyükdere Street is the second area where industry expands. The employment distribution of the working population according to the economic activities indicates the presence of industry in the district. Most of the population work in the manufacturing industry (35%). It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 20%. Community services, social and personal services group is the third with 20%.¹⁹⁹

KARTAL

Kartal is one of the six districts that have a shoreline by Marmara Sea on the Asian side of Istanbul. It neighbors Sancaktepe and Maltepe in the north, Sultanbeyli in the northeast, Maltepe in the west and Pendik in the east. The southern boundary is drawn by the Marmara Sea. Kartal has an area of 38.54 km², and it had 463,433 inhabitants in 2017.

Table 26- Neighborhood population of Kartal

Source: TÜİK

The area of the district changed as the administrative boundaries changed in time. The rise of new centers in different quarters and the gathering of considerable amount of people there caused changes in the administrative structure. So Pendik, Maltepe, Tuzla and Sultanbeyli separated from Kartal and became districts. The area which was 300 km² in 1950 raised to 433 km² in 1955 with the inclusion of 4 villages of Gebze into Kartal. However, Kartal shrank considerably with the separation of Pendik in 1987, and Maltepe and Sultanbeyli in 1992. The latest change in the district boundaries was when Çekmeköy and Sancaktepe became districts in 2008.

Kartal was set up as a district in 1935 and it had two subdistricts (Merkez and Samandıra). There was a municipality organization in the center of the district. It had 19 villages, 11 of which were in Merkez and 8 of which were in Samandıra. Two of these villages Maltepe and Pendik are districts today. Samandıra and Sarıgazi villages, which would be included in Sancaktepe district afterwards, were also attached to Kartal then. The number of the villages became 23 in 1955 with the inclusion of Aydınlı, Orhanlı, Tepeviran and Tuzla villages of Gebze district of Kocaeli into Kartal.

Kartal was within the boundaries of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in 1990 and it did not have a central subdistrict. The only subdistrict of it was Samandıra. By 2000, the only village of the district was Paşaköy. However, when the legal entities of the villages were abolished in 2012, Paşaköy became a neighborhood of Kartal. Kartal currently has 20 neighborhoods (Table 26).

Kartal, which is one of the old districts of Istanbul, had a population of 17,379 in 1935. There was not a significant amount of growth in the population until 1950. The population which was 26,150 in 1950, reached 68,462 in 1960. The first significant increase in the population happened then but the growth continued after that period and reached 168,822 in 1970 with an increase of nearly 2.5 times.

1970-1980 decade was the time when the population grew the most. It reached 413,839 inhabitants in 1980. The population increase in Maltepe and Pendik as well as in the center of the district was influential on the increase in that period. The district population reached its highest number with 611,532 in 1990 despite Pendik separated from it. The population grew during this period despite the boundary changes and considerable population loss. However it experienced a significant decrease due to the separation of Maltepe and Sultanbeyli from Kartal in 1992. It decreased by 33% and went down to 407,865 in 2000. It increased slowly, reaching 463,433 inhabitants in 2017.

A significant part of the population in Kartal district lived in rural areas until 1970s (between 74 and 79%). The rural population rate started going down after these years. An important part of the population lived in the centers like Kartal, Maltepe and Pendik in 1980. People of these settlement centers constituted the half of the population in 1980. Today (2017), whole settlements in Kartal is urban, it does not have any rural settlements.

55% of the population was male in Kartal district in 1935. Male population reached its highest value with 57% in 1960. However, it started decreasing and went down to 50% in 2012 and 49.5% in 2017. Thus the distribution of population became more balanced.

Only 15% of the population is from Istanbul and 85% of Kartal’s population comes from other provinces like Erzincan, Sivas, Trabzon, Erzurum, Kastamonu, Rize, Samsun and Giresun. These provinces are the places where Kartal primarily received migration from. The Black Sea region takes the first place in the distribution of the population by geographical regions with 32%. Marmara region ranks the second (22%) with its prominent cities such as Istanbul, Sakarya, Bilecik and Bursa. East Anatolia has a share of 20% and Central Anatolia 13%.

Hürriyet, Uğur Mumcu, Atalar, Karlıktepe and Orhantepe are the most populous neighborhoods (Table 26).

There are two areas with dense industrial facilities in Kartal which is one of the old industrial areas of the Asian side and an important attraction center for industrial facilities due to transportation appeal. One of them is the area next to D 100 (E-5) highway. There are a lot of industrial facilities lined up in the north and south, particularly southern part of D 100 highway. The second expansion area for the industry in Kartal is in eastern and western parts of Sanayi Street. Additionally, the surroundings of Yakacık and Spor streets that are connected to Sanayi street are also the areas where the industry gets denser. There are many industrial facilities in a variety of areas such as steel, metal, leather, rubber and plastic production. Industry in Kartal started with the establishment of the cement factory in Yunus quarter in 1959.²⁰⁰

Manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with 31% (2000) in the district center of Kartal. It is followed by community services, social and personal services group with 23%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector is the third with 20%.²⁰¹

KÜÇÜKÇEKMECE

Küçükçekmece, which takes its name from a lagoon lake in the west of the island, is one of the 25 districts on the European side of Istanbul. Bağcılar and Bahçelievler lay in the east, Küçükçekmece Lake and Avcılar district in the west, Başakşehir in the north and Bakırköy and Marmara Sea in the south of the district. The boundaries of the district within the stated area are drawn by the highway and hydrographical areas: Küçükçekmece Lake constitutes the natural boundary in the west as well as Marmara Sea in the south and Uzuncadere in the east. A big part of the administrative boundaries that separate Küçükçekmece from other districts coincide with transportation lines: TEM highway in the north separates Küçükçekmece from Başakşehir and Mahmutköy-Yeşilköy access road in the east separates it from Bağcılar and Bahçelievler. A large part of the line that separates the district from Bakırköy in the south passes through D 100 highway. It covers an area of 37.54 km² , and it had 770,393 inhabitants in 2017.

Küçükçekmece was one of the 19 villages of Bakırköy in 1935. Its population was 707 and it was under Yeşilköy subdistrict. Küçükçekmece village which had a municipality organization in 1965 was under central subdistrict of Bakırköy in 1970. This administrative status stayed unchanged until it separated from Bakırköy on 19 June 1987 and became a district.²⁰² Küçükçekmece district was founded with the integration of 28 neighborhoods. Avcılar which was one of those neighborhoods separated from Küçükçekmece and became a district in 1992.

Küçükçekmece was comprised of 1 subdistrict (Merkez) and 2 villages (Kayabaşı, Şamlar) in 1990. It had one subdistrict (Merkez) and one village (Şamlar) in 2000. It did not have any villages left when the district’s only village Şamlar was included in Başakşehir in 2008. Küçükçekmece is currently composed of 21 neighborhoods (Table 27).

The change in the boundaries with the establishment of new districts caused Küçükçekmece to get smaller. Its area was 152 km² in 1990 and it went down to 107 km² with the separation of Avcılar in 1992 then to 37 km² with the establishment of Başakşehir and Arnavutköy districts in 2008. Başakşehir, Kayabaşı, Ziya Gökalp, Güvercintepe, Altınşehir and Şahintepe neighborhoods and Şamlar village was connected to Başakşehir district in 2008 which had an effect on this decrease. Küçükçekmece has an area of 37.54 km² today.

Table 27- Neighborhood population of Küçükçekmece

Source: TÜİK

Halkalı street and its surroundings that stretch from D 100 highway to the north to İkitelli Organized Industry Zone are the main places where the industry is located. There are many industrial facilities that are lined up alongside the way in Fevzi Çakmak, Söğütlüçeşme, Tevfikbey and İnönü neighborhoods on this route. There are paper, plastic, machine, textiles, printing and chemical industry facilities. The second area where the industry gets dense is in the west of Mahmutbey-Yeşilköy access road. A variety of industrial branches, such as textiles, paper, automotive and metal are seen in this area, a large part of which is administratively in Halkalı Merkez neighborhood. Another territory where the industrial facilities get dense is the surroundings of Atatürk neighborhood in the northeast of the district. In this neighborhood, Marmara and İmsan industrial sites have been the places where many facilities are located.

Küçükçekmece district has been an area with many mass housing estates. Atakent,²⁰³ Halkalı Merkez²⁰⁴ and İstasyon²⁰⁵ neighborhoods in the north of the district attract attention as the mass housing areas. This area, where many mass housing projects have been carried out, witnessed an intense construction activity particularly since the late 1990s. Küçükçekmece which is rich in terms of mass housing estates and industrial facilities, has shopping centers too.²⁰⁶

Küçükçekmece is in a very advantegous position with regards to transportation. D 100 (E-5) is in the south; TEM is in the north of the district, and Mahmutbey-Yeşilköy access road which connects these two main transportation routes is in the east of the district. These roads constitute the boundaries of the district in mentioned directions. Transportation convenience is one of the factors influential in the location preference of the mass housing projects during recent years.

Rapid population growth in Istanbul and increasing housing need have been influential in the upsurge of mass housing areas as is the case in Küçükçekmece. The construction of İkitelli Organized Industry Zone accelerated this development as well.

Küçükçekmece was a village with a population of 707 in 1935. The population started growing rapidly after 1950 and reached 12,086 in 1960 with an increase of 7 times. It grew by nearly 4 times between 1960 and 1970. However, the most important increase was between 1980 and 1990. The population increased by nearly 6 times between these years and reached its highest value with 387,928. Becoming a district through an administrative change in 1987 was the main reason for this increase. Only after three years, the district population was 479,419 according to the census carried out in 1990. The population kept growing despite the separation of Avcılar in 1992 and reached 594,524 in 2000 and 770,393 in 2017. Küçükçekmece was the second most populous district of Istanbul after Esenyurt in 2017.

57% of the population was male in Küçükçekmece in 1935. Male population rate started to decrease in the following years and was 54% in 1960, 52% in 1990 and 50.1% in 2017.

Only 11% of the population is from Istanbul. People from other provinces like Sinop, Tokat, Samsun, Malatya, Mardin, Kastamonu, Bitlis and Kars constitute most of the district inhabitants. The Black Sea region has the highest population (30%) in Küçükçekmece in the distribution of population by geographical regions. The ratio of Marmara region where Istanbul, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli and Edirne become prominent, is 23%. East Anatolia region constitute 21% of the population.

Atakent, Halkalı Merkez, İnönü, Kanarya, Mehmet Akif, Cumhuriyet and Atatürk neighborhoods are the most populous places (Table 27).

From the point of economic activities and employment, manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with 45% (2000) in Küçükçekmece. Community services, social and personal services group follows it with a rate of 17%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector is the third with 16%.²⁰⁷

MALTEPE

Maltepe district is located by the Marmara Sea on the Asian side of Istanbul and it neighbors Kartal in the south and Ataşehir in the north. Kartal and Sancaktepe are in the east and Marmara Sea is in the west of the district. Maltepe district covers an area of 52.97 km² within these boundaries. It had 497,586 inhabitants in 2017.

Maltepe village, which constituted the center of Maltepe district, was attached to Merkez subdistrict of Kartal in 1935. It was one of the 19 villages of the district. Maltepe had a population of 3,131 and a municipality organization. There was not a significant increase in the population until 1950. However, its population grew so rapidly through years that Maltepe had more population than Kartal district center in 1975 and 1980 (66,343 and 90,439 inhabitants respectively). The population tripled in the periods of 1960-1970 and 1970-1980. Maltepe became a neighborhood of Kartal after 1980. This status continued until it became a district on 27 May 1992. The highest increase happened between 1980 and 1990. The population reached 254,256 in 1990. The population growth was combined with other factors which led to an administrative change in 1992. The population was 355,384 in the census that was carried out in 2000 after the district was set up. There were 460,955 inhabitants in 2012 with an increase of 30%, and the population rose to 497,586 in 2017.

Table 28- Neighborhood population of Maltepe

Source: TÜİK

The district was founded through the integration of 17 neighborhoods of Kartal.²⁰⁸ Girne neighborhood was added to them later and the number went up to 18. Maltepe has the same neighborhoods currently. Zümrütevler, Fındıklı, Bağlarbaşı, Cevizli, Altıntepe and Altayçeşme are the most populous neighborhoods. On the other hand, Büyükbakkalköy is the smallest one (Table 28).

The majority of inhabitants in Maltepe is from Istanbul according to the population registration data (16% of the district population). People from Sivas rank the second with 6% and people from Rize follow them with 4%. A considerable number of people from Kastamonu, Erzincan, Trabzon and Çankırılı live in Maltepe in addition to others. The Black Sea has the highest number of people with 32% in the distribution of the district population by geographical regions. Marmara region constitutes the second group with 29%. Each of the East Anatolia and Central Anatolia regions has a considerable amount of population with nearly 17%.

Table 29- Neighborhood population of Pendik

Source: TÜİK

From the point of economic activities; community services, social and personal services group has the highest employment rate with 29%. It is followed by manufacturing industry with 21,6%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector ranks the third with a rate of 21,1%.²⁰⁹

Industrial facilities are not concentrated in a certain area, they are scattered in a variety of areas in Maltepe. A considerable part of the present facilities are located in Cevizli and Büyükbakkalköy neighborhoods. Military areas take up a wide space due to the barracks in Büyükbakkalköy and Başıbüyük neighborhoods.²¹⁰

PENDİK

Pendik is located on the Asian side of Istanbul and it is one of the three districts having a boundary with Kocaeli province. The district neighbors Ömerli Dam Lake and Şile in the north, Sancaktepe, Sultanbeyli and Kartal in the west, and Tuzla and Kocaeli in the east. The Marmara Sea and Tuzla are in the south of the district. It covers an area of 179.99 km² within these boundaries. It had 698,260 inhabitants in 2017.

Pendik village, which is the center of Pendik district, was attached to Kartal in 1935. It was the most populous village (3,514 inhabitants) of the district then and it had a municipality organization. It was one of the two villages with a municipality in the district. In 1940, Pendik had a higher population than Kartal’s district center (4,172 and 3,622 inhabitants respectively). This situation was the same in 1950 and 1955. Pendik was still a village in 1980, but after that it became a neighborhood of Kartal. However, this did not last long and it was set up as a district in 1987. Pendik district had 5 villages in 2000. These were Ballıca, Emirli, Göçbeyli, Kurna and Kurtdoğmuş villages.

Pendik district is one of the 5 districts that were set up in Istanbul in 1987.²¹¹ Pendik was founded through the integration of 15 neighborhoods²¹² and 4 villages²¹³ that were previously in Kartal district. Tuzla, which was one of the neighborhoods that constituted the district, separated from Pendik in 1992 and became a district. Pendik administratively had 5 villages and 31 neighborhoods in 2010. When the legal entities of the villages were abolished and they turned into neighborhoods, Pendik became a district with 36 neighborhoods.

The population followed a usual growth course until 1950. It gained speed after 1950. The population increased by nearly twice as much every decade between 1950 and 1980 and reached 48,219 in 1980. However, it grew by six times after 1980 and reached 289,380 in 1990. The administrative structure change in 1987 was the primary reason for this increase. Pendik became the district center and the population of new neighborhoods were included in the center. The population which was 384,668 in 2000, reached 698,260 in 2017.

The main quarters, where most of the population is located, are Kavakpınar, Yenişehir, Kaynarca, Fezvi Çakmak and Velibaba neighborhoods. Kavakpınar was the most populous neighborhood of the district in 2017, whereas Emirli was the smallest neighborhood (Table 29).

The presence of many industrial facilities, particularly the shipyard, caused Pendik to be a center that received migration. According to the population registration data, only 9% of the inhabitants in Pendik is from Istanbul. The majority is comprised of people come from different provinces like Sivas, Erzurum, Ordu, Kastamonu, Tokat, Trabzon, Erzincan and Sakarya. The Black Sea region ranks the first in distribution of the population by geographical regions (40%). The East Anatolia (20%) and Marmara (17%) regions follow it.

From the point of economic activities, the manufacturing industry has the highest rate of employment with 35% in Pendik. Community services, social and personal services group follows it with 20%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector ranks the third with 17%.²¹⁴

The second airport of Istanbul, Sabiha Gökçen is in Pendik. Pendik has been experiencing a rapid development process since 1980s with its shipyard, industrial facilities, mass housing estates and shopping centers.

Pendik Shipyard despite being planned in previous years started operating in 1982 and is one of the important industrial facilities of the district at the moment. Surroundings of D 100 (E-5) highway and the west of Sabiha Gökçen Airport are also among the main areas where industry has expanded. The industry shows a concentration in Şeyhli, Sanayi, Ramazanoğlu and Velibaba neighborhoods in the west of the airport. There are many shopping centers in Pendik, some in the mass housing areas²¹⁵ and others in the south on D 100 highway close to Tersane intersection.²¹⁶

Many housing projects, particularly by TOKİ and KİPTAŞ, have been carried out in Pendik which is the most important mass housing area of the Asian side. With the construction of Pendik Hilal Toplu Konutları in 1995, KİPTAŞ contributed to mass housing projects which started in 1990s. Yenişehir and Çamlık neighborhoods, which are located in the north of the district, are almost completely mass housing areas. It is a territory with luxury houses, such as mansions, villas, housing estates and residences. Furthermore, many migrant houses were built in this area in 1990s as well. Also Şeyhli and Sülüntepe neighborhoods are other areas, where mass housing estates were built.

Investment on the transportation facilities made Pendik an attraction center in the recent years. The highway was undoubtedly influential in the development of settlement in this area, that was convenient for transportation due to TEM highway. Mass housing projects and TEM highway are the most important reasons for the spatial development of the district towards the north. The foundations of Sabiha Gökçen, which is the second airport of Istanbul and the only airport of the Asian side, were laid in 1998. The airport came into service in 2001 and greatly contributed to the area after its opening. Another important development is that Pendik became the railroad terminal for the high-speed trains and other trains on the Asian side of Istanbul, although this is thought as a temporary arrangement. And finally, the rapid transit line of Istanbul Metro runs through the center of Pendik and there is also connection between the Sabiha Gökçen Airport and railway terminal in Pendik.

Table 30- Neighborhood population of Sancaktepe

Source: TÜİK

SANCAKTEPE

Sancaktepe is one of the new districts of Istanbul located on the Asian side. It has no shoreline and it neighbors Çekmeköy in the north, and Pendik and Sultanbeyli in the east. The district is surrounded by Kartal in the south, and Maltepe, Ataşehir and Ümraniye in the west. The large part of its boundary with Pendik is constituted by Ömerli Dam Lake. Sancaktepe covers an area of 62.42 km², and it had 402,391 inhabitants in 2017.

Sancaktepe was set up through abolition of the legal entities of Samandıra²¹⁷ in Kartal, Sarıgazi²¹⁸ and Yenidoğan²¹⁹ municipalities in Ümraniye, and their integration under the administrative structure of the district on 6 March 2008.²²⁰ The district had 18 neighborhoods and 1 village. The only village of the district was Paşaköy. After the legal entities of the villages were abolished and they turned into neighborhoods, the district is comprised of 19 neighborhoods.²²¹

Sarıgazi and Samandıra settlement units constitute the core of Sancaktepe district. Sancaktepe district was set up as a result of the development of these two settlement areas. Sarıgazi was a village having only 132 inhabitants in Samandıra subdistrict of Kartal in 1935. The population was 127 in 1950 and 688 in 1960. Sarıgazi village, which was under Üsküdar in 1970, was attached to Ümraniye in 1987. After 1980s, the population increased rapidly and it reached 22,125 in 1990 and 48,466 in 2000. A municipality organization was founded in Sarıgazi after 1990. It was a settlement area that was composed by Emek, İnönü, Kemal Türker, Meclis and Merkez neighborhoods in 2000.

Samandıra was a subdistrict in Kartal and also a village with 351 inhabitants and was the center of the subdistrict in 1935. The population, which was 386 in 1950, grew 12 times and reached 4,715 in 1960. However, it went down to 549 with a significant decline in 1970. It reached 4,779 in 1980. After 1980s the number of inhabitants rose rapidly and became 61,852 in 2000. It had a municipality organization after 1990 and it was attached to Kartal until Sancaktepe district was set up. Samandıra was composed of 5 neighborhoods in 2000: Abdurrahmangazi, Eyüpsultan, Fatih, Osmangazi and Veysel Karani.

Yenidoğan, which is one of the settlement units included in Sancaktepe district, has been set up recently. It acquired legal entitiy of a village in 1966 and belonged to Üsküdar until 1987, and Ümraniye after that. The population of Yenidoğan village, where 492 people lived in 1980, was 28,477 in 2000.

The population of Sancaktepe when it was founded in 2008 was 229,093. The number of inhabitants reached 278,998 in 2012 with an increase of 22% in four years, and 402,391 in 2017. Male population in the district was 51% then.

Osmangazi, Abdurrahmangazi, Atatürk, Fatih and Meclis are the most populous neighborhoods, whereas Paşaköy is the smallest one in Sancaktepe (Table 30).

Only 5% of the population is from Istanbul in Sancaktepe according to the population registration data, indicating that a large part of the population migrated to the area. People from Tokat constituted the largest group (8%). People from Ordu, Sivas, Kars, Istanbul, Erzurum and Kastamonu follow Tokat. The cities of the Black Sea region take the first place with 40% in terms of distribution of the population by geographical regions. The cities of East Anatolia rank the second with 34% and Central Anatolia is the third with 13%.

SARIYER

Table 31- Neighborhood population of Sarıyer (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Sarıyer district is located in the northern part of Istanbul and in the northwest of Bosphorus. It has boundaries with the Black Sea in the north and Bosphorus in the east. It neighbors Eyüpsultan and Şişli in the west and Beşiktaş in the south. Its area, which was 226 km² in 1935 and 146 km² in 1960, changed due to administrative structure changes. Today, it covers an area of 151.3 km². It had 344,876 inhabitants in 2017.

Sarıyer district was set up on 15 May 1930.²²² There were 11 neighborhoods in Merkez and Yeniköy subdistricts in 1930.²²³ It had two subdistricts, Merkez and Yeniköy and 10 villages in 1935. There were 9 villages attached to Merkez subdistrict: Bahçeköy, Demirköy, Garipçe, Gümüşdere, Kısırkaya, Kumköy, Rumelifeneri, Uskumru and Zekeriyaköy. The only village of Yeniköy subdistrict was Ayazağa. Ayazağa village attached to Şişli in 1954 and joined Sarıyer as a neighborhood again in 2012.²²⁴ After Yeniköy subdistrict was abolished, Sarıyer had Merkez subdistrict and 9 villages in 1965. There were 9 villages and 13 neighborhoods within municipality boundaries in 1971.²²⁵ After the legal entities of the villages were abolished in 2012,²²⁶ the district ended up with 29 neighborhoods. There are currently 38 neighborhoods (Table 31).

The population of Sarıyer was 24,266 in 1935. It rose to 32,512 in 1940 with an increase of 34%. The World War II was influential in this increase. The military significance of Sarıyer’s location, where Bosphorus opens up to the Black Sea, increased in war times. Thus, it is not unusual that military troops came to the area. There were not any other developments that would cause such an increase during those years. Furthermore, the substantial increase in male population during this period indicated that war conditions prevailed. The male population which was 12,439 in 1935, increased by 65% and went up to 20,945 and decreased to 16,911 in 1945.

The district population was 32,114 in 1950. The population grew constantly after 1950. However, Sarıyer did not experience any substantial and rapid population growth unlike many other districts of Istanbul. The most important reason for this was the absence of industrialization and its relative distance from industrial centers. The most significant increase was between 1970 and 1980 with 73%. The population grew steadily in the following decades, reaching 344,876 in 2017.

Male population was always higher in Sarıyer between 1935 and 2000. It reached its highest point (64%) in 1940 due to the World War II. However, it started declining in the following years and went down to 49.5% falling behind the female population in 2017.

17% of the population in Sarıyer lived in rural areas in 1935. There was a total of 4,226 people in 10 villages of the district. The rural population ratio went up to 32% in 1940. A large part of this population was comprised of males and it was due to military conditions created by the World War II as mentioned before. The rural population which was 10,524 in 1940 receded to 4,945 in 1970. However, it started growing later and reached 31,924 in 2012 (nearly 11% of the district population).

According to a research made in 1972-1973, the ratio of people who were born in Istanbul was 32%.²²⁷ And according to the population registration data, the number of people who are from Istanbul was 61,572 in 2012, that means 21% of Sarıyer. The second group was from Sivas with 12%. People from Rize, Giresun, Trabzon and Ordu followed them. The Black Sea region takes the first place with 34% in terms of distribution of the population by geographical regions. It is followed by Marmara with 26% and Central Anatolia region with 18%.

Ayazağa, Zekeriyaköy, Tarabya, Reşitpaşa, İstinye, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Yeniköy and Ferahevler are the most populous neighborhoods, whereas Garipçe and Kısırkaya are the smallest neighborhoods (Table 31).

In addition to unplanned settlement areas in central parts, particularly Bosphorus hillsides and mainly Tarabya, Yeniköy and Büyükdere hillsides are the expansion areas of luxury houses such as villas. The surroundings of Zekeriyaköy and Uskumruköy are the primary areas where housing estates, villas and summer houses are common. Secondary houses are common in the most of ex-villages, which are summer resorts of Istanbul.

From the point of economic activities, community services, social and personal services group has the highest employment rate with 28% (2000) in Sarıyer district center. It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 24%. Manufacturing industry comes the third with 19%.²²⁸ Shopping centers²²⁹ located in İstinye and Sarıyer streets, and Istanbul Technical University-Ayazağa Campus within the boundaries of Reşitpaşa neighborhood, have important contribution to the district economy.

The European part of the third bridge, Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, is in Garipçe neighborhood. Kuzey Marmara highway that continues towards the west after the Bridge, passes through Zekeriyaköy and Uskumruköy. The third bridge and the highway are expected to bring with important economic developments in the northern parts of Sarıyer in the nearest future.

SİLİVRİ

Silivri district, which is in the western part of Istanbul, is one of the two districts that have boundaries with Tekirdağ. The district neighbors Çatalca in the north and Marmara Sea in the south. Çatalca and Büyükçekmece are in the east and Tekirdağ is in the west of the district. Silivri is the second biggest district of Istanbul with an area of 869.52 km² after Çatalca. It had 180,524 inhabitants in 2017.

Silivri with an area of 735 km² was one of the 15 districts of Istanbul in 1935. It was comprised of Merkez and Sinekli subdistricts and 24 villages. Its administrative structure did not change much. The number of the villages was 27 in 1960 and 26 in 2000, but the number of the subdistricts did not change. Silivri district had 13 vilages and 22 neighborhoods in 2010. When the legal entities of villages were abolished in 2012, the number of neighborhoods became 35 (Table 32).

The population of Silivri in 1935 was 22,790. The population generally followed a usual growth process. Silivri did not experience rapid and substantial population growth unlike many districts of Istanbul. The district is far from the center of Istanbul and industry is not developed as much. The highest growth ratio was 46% between 1980 and 1990 and the population rose to 77,599 in 1990. The population growth continued steadily and reached 150,183 with an increase of 39% between 2000 and 2012.

84% of district’s population lived in villages in 1935. This ratio was 79% in 1970. However, the rural population ratio started decreasing after this year and went down to 58% in 2000 and 8% in 2012. The administrative change was influential in the rapid decline between 2000 and 2012 because many villages were turned into neighborhoods.

Table 32- Neighborhood population of Silivri (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Yeni is the most populous neighborhood of the district. Following it, Semizkumlar, Selimpaşa Merkez, Alibey and Mimarsinan are the most populous areas (2017).

According to the population data, 37% of Silivri is from Istanbul. Istanbul takes the first place by a wide margin compared to other provinces. There are a considerable number of people from Tokat, Samsun, Ordu, Kars, Ağrı and Zonguldak. The Marmara region comes the first with 45% in terms of distribution of the population by geographical regions. The Black Sea (25%) and the East Anatolia (15 %) regions follow it.

There are many industrial facilities in Silivri, such as factories of vegetable oil, dairy products, flour and animal feed. Summer resorts and secondary houses are common, as Silivri is a holiday resort as well. As a result of this, the working population is mostly employed in service and industry sectors. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector has the highest employment rate with 25% in Silivri district center according to the research made in 2000. It is followed by manufacturing industry with 23%. Community services, social and personal services group is the third with 22%.²³⁰

Cultivated lands have an important place in Silivri with 370,693 decares. 95% of this area is used for grains and other products and 3.5% is used for vegetable gardens. Wheat, sunflower and barley are the most important products in the area. 52% of the land was used for wheat, 22% for sunflower and 10% for barley in 2012. The forestland that covers 31% of the district, is nearly 26,832 hectares.²³¹

Farming in Silivri is mostly done as a family owned business and there are not large scale companies. The biggest business in the district is the family owned business with 350 dairy cows in Beyciler village. There are 1,850 bovine and 320 ovine animal farms. Silivri used to be famous for its yoghurt, and dairy farming is still common. Büyüksinekli, Yolçatı and Danamandıra villages still have dairy farms. The district has 11,000 cows and nearly 12,000 sheep.²³²

SULTANBEYLİ

Sultanbeyli is a district located on the Asian side of Istanbul with no shoreline. It neighbors Pendik in the east and south. It has a boundary with Sancaktepe in the north and west. Kartal is in the southwest of the district. It has an area of 29.1 km². It had 329,985 inhabitants in 2017.

Sultanbeyli village was founded with the settlement of Turkish immigrants from Bulgaria between late 1930s and 1950s, and then it acquired the legal entity in 1957. The newly founded village was named after the farm in the vicinity. Sultanbey farm, which gave its name to the village, was located in the north of the street called Fatih street²³³ now. There was another farm called Yahudi farm²³⁴ in 1.5 km north of Sultanbey farm.²³⁵ Sultanbeyli village was in the south of the aforementioned road. The village settlement area was between Fatih Boulevard and Petrol Yolu street in the south, Yeşil street in the west and Ziyaul Hak street in the east. There was a graveyard in the northwest of the village.²³⁶ The settlement area of the village was within the boundaries of Abdurrahmangazi and Mehmet Akif neighborhoods of today. The graveyard is within Abdurrahmangazi neighborhood with the name Sultanbeyli graveyard today.

Table 33- Neighborhood population of Sultanbeyli

Source: TÜİK

Sultanbeyli village was attached to Samandıra subdistrict of Kartal in 1960. This status stayed unchanged until it became a district. The municipality organization was set up in Sultanbeyli in 1987 and it became a district shortly after that, on 27 May 1992.²³⁷

Sultanbeyli district was formed through the development of Sultanbeyli village in time. Sultanbeyli village had a population of 433 in 1960 and 1,105 in 1970. It reached 2,431 in 1980. However, it grew by 34 times as much between 1980 and 1990 and reached 82,298. Such an increase in a decade was not usual, for this growth happened in the period of second migration wave to Istanbul in the Republic period. Sultanbeyli was one of the important centers that received migration in those years. This increase was reflected on the administrative structure too and Sultanbeyli became a district in 1992. In 2000, when the first census carried out after this change, the district population was 175,700. Sultanbeyli was the second after Büyükçekmece in the population growth rate (7.5%) between 1990 and 2000.²³⁸ The population increased considerably (72%) though not as high as previous periods and reached 302,388 in 2012.

Sultanbeyli currently has 15 neighborhoods. Battal-gazi, Abdurrahmangazi, Ahmet Yesevi, Mehmet Akif and Hamidiye are the most populous neighborhoods (Table 33).

The number of female was slightly more than the male in 1935 and the female population surplus continued until 1980 even though it was a slight difference. The male population grew after this year and the male population ratio rose to 54% in 1990. The male population ratio was 51.3 % in 2017.

People from Erzurum form the biggest group (9% of the population) in Sultanbeyli according to the population registration data (2012). People from Ordu, Sivas, Sinop, Bingöl, Tokat, Kars, Ağrı and Bitlis follow them. The Black Sea region has the highest population with 40% in terms of the distribution of the population by geographical regions. It is followed by the East Anatolia (37%) and Central Anatolia (13%) regions.

The manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with a share of 35% (2000) in Sultanbeyli. Construction sector follows it with 20%. Community services, social and personal services group ranks the third with 16%.²³⁹

Sultanbeyli’s population grew rapidly after 1985 due to the migration from different parts of the country. The percentage of people from Istanbul is pretty low due to these migrations and they constitute nearly 3% of the population.

SULTANGAZİ

Sultangazi is one of the districts located on the European side of Istanbul and it neighbors Eyüpsultan in the north and east. A significant portion of its southern boundary coincides with Alibeyköy Dam Lake. TEM (O-2) highway in the south separates the district from Gaziosmanpaşa. Başakşehir is in the west and Esenler is in the southwest of the district. The boundaries with these districts coincide with military zone. Sultangazi covers an area of 36.3 km². It had 528,514 inhabitants in 2017.

Sultangazi district separated from Gaziosmanpaşa district on 6 March 2008.²⁴⁰ 13 of the 15 neighorhoods that formed the district separated from Gaziosmanpaşa, 1 from Eyüpsultan²⁴¹ and 1 from Esenler.²⁴² There were two neighborhoods, both called Habipler, one from Gaziosmanpaşa and the other from Esenler. The name of the latter was changed to Eski Habipler in order to prevent confusion. The district still has 15 neighborhoods (Table 34).

Table 34- Neighborhood population of Sultangazi

Source: TÜİK

Most of the population is concentrated in the southern and southwestern parts of the district. However, it is not possible to say the same thing for the northern and eastern parts of the district. The main reason for this is that these parts are in the reception basin of Alibeyköy Dam Lake and also there is a forestland. Yayla and Habipler in the northern part of the district and surroundings of Cebeci in the central sections are not densely populated yet.

The population of Sultangazi district was 444,295 in 2008. It grew by 10% and increased to 492,212 in 2012. It rose to 528,514 in 2017. Male population forms 51 % of the inhabitants (2017).

The district is mostly a settlement area where residential houses are located. However, there are scarcely any planned housing estates, villas, houses with yards, although there are some mass housing projects. Industrial and commercial areas are very few in the district as well as shopping centers. The industry has gathered in Esentepe neighborhood in the south, where Küçüksanayi Sitesi, Sanko Auto Industry and Gamas Furniture Dealers are located. Eski Habipler neighborhood in the northwest of the district stands out as an area where individual industrial facilities are located.

People from Sivas take the first place among people who constitute the population according to the population registration data (2012). 8% of the population in Sultangazi is from Sivas. People from Adıyaman (7%) and Istanbul (5%) follow them. There are also considerable number of people from Malatya, Erzurum, Kastamonu, Sinop and Tokat. The Black Sea region takes the first place in the distribution of Sultangazi population by geographical regions (28%). The East Anatolia (26%), Central Anatolia (18%) and Southeast Anatolia (15%) regions follow it.

50. Yıl, Esentepe, Cebeci, İsmetpaşa and Yunus Emre are densely populated quarters in the district. Eski Habipler in the northwest of the district is the smallest neighborhood (Table 34).

ŞİLE

Table 35- Neighborhood population of Şile (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Şile district is located on the Asian side of Istanbul and it has a boundary with Kocaeli. It neighbors the Black Sea in the north, and Kocaeli and Pendik in the south. Kocaeli is in the east and Beykoz and Çekmeköy are in the west of the district. A part of the boundary with Pendik and Çekmeköy coincides with Ömerli Dam Lake. Şile covers an area of 781.72 km². It had 35,131 inhabitants in 2017.

Şile is the third biggest district of Istanbul after Çatalca and Silivri with its area of 781.72 km². The surface area of Şile was 1,030 km² in 1927. However, it lost some of its land when Beykoz and Kartal districts were set up and its area descended to 735 km² in 1935.

Şile is one of the old districts of Istanbul. It was one of the 7 districts that formed Istanbul in the Republic period. Şile had 4 subdistricts and 46 villages in 1935. 24 of these villages were in Merkez, 10 in Ağva, 6 in Alacalı and 6 in Tekke subdistrict. This administrative structure did not have any significant changes for a long time. The district had 53 villages in 1975 and 57 in 2000. It had 57 villages and 5 neighborhoods in 2010. After the legal entities of the villages were abolished, the number of the neighborhoods became 62 (Table 35).

The population of Şile was 13,495 in the first census of the Republic period (1927). While the population grew by 23% between 1935 and 1940 with the effect of World War II, and it shrank by 10% between 1940 and 1950. The 10% decrease that was experienced between 1940 and 1950, indicated the effect of the war too. These developments in Şile’s population during the years of World War II have similarities with the changes in the population of Beykoz and Sarıyer in the same period. In fact, these changes resulted from their military significance due to their geographical location.

The population of Şile that started growing after 1950, nearly doubled in 50 years and reached 32,447 in 2000. However, it shrank by 7% later and went down to 30,218 in 2012. This decrease was in the village population of the district. While the population in the district center increased by 29% in this period, village population decreased by 23%. 44% of the population in the district lived in the district center and 56% lived in the villages in 2012.

Şile was the smallest district of Istanbul between 1935 and 1960. It was the second smallest district after Adalar in all other census years. Şile has the lowest population density in Istanbul with 38 people per km² (2012) due to its size as well as the population scarcity. The male population surplus in Şile, which has always been higher since 1935, reached its highest value in 1940 (58%) due to the war. It was nearly 52% in 2017.

More than half of the population (56%) according to the data of 2012 is from Istanbul. There are a considerable number of people from Ordu, Kocaeli, Samsun and Trabzon.

From the point of economic activities, agriculture took the first place with 65% in the distribution of the population into professions according to the data of 1927 in Şile. The share of trade was 14% and industry was 6%. However, this situation completely changed in time. Community services, social and personal services group had the highest employment rate (39%) in 2000. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector followed it with 19%. Construction sector was the third with 11%.²⁴³

Şile has rich forestlands which cover 80% of the territory. The forest area of the district is 62,670 hectares.²⁴⁴ Forest is an important source of income for the district’s population. The permission of cutting firewood given to the forest villagers annually is mostly used as the fuel wood but it is also used for the production of wood charcoal in some villages.

The cultivated areas in Şile are limited. There are no big cultivated fields or big businesses in the district. Agriculture, farming and forestry are the main source of income in the rural parts. Agriculture, greenhouse cultivation, production of wood charcoal (Göksu, Ovacık, Hacılı villages) and bay leaf (Alacalı village) are important sources of income in the villages.

Şile has 2,932 hectares of cultivated area (2012). 60% of this is orchards and 30% is arable lands. It has 542 hectares of grassland and meadows. The number of farmer families in the district is 2000.²⁴⁵ The main products are oat, wheat and barley. In 2012, 450 hectares were cultivated with oat, 300 hectares with wheat and 90 hectares with barley. Decorative plants has the widest production area with 12 decares in greenhouse cultivation. The fruit that is produced most in Şile is hazelnuts. The district has 1,690 hectares of nut gardens and produced 675 tons of hazelnuts in 2012. Fishery is also an important source of income in Şile. Bonito, bluefish, horse mackerel, grey mullet and turbot are caught mostly in Şile.

Tourism is an important economic activity in the area, particularly in summer. Surroundings of Şile and Ağva are the primary tourism areas that have many accommodation facilities. Ağva is the center of the district’s tourism with its many and variable accommodation facilities around Göksu Brook. There has been a noticeable increase in the tourism activities in the region since 2000. The shoreline, where small bays and beaches are located, is one of the important areas for tourism in Şile, where there are blue flag beaches such as Ayazma, Ağlayankaya and Uzunkum. Şile cloth is still being produced although not as important as in the past and Şile Cloth Festival is held every July. Şile highway that has been opened to transportation recently impacts the development of the district in tourism and other areas significantly.

ŞİŞLİ

Table 36- Neighborhood population of Şişli (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Şişli is one of the districts of Istanbul on the European side and it neighbors Sarıyer in the north and Beyoğlu in the south. Beşiktaş and Sarıyer are in the east and Kağıthane and Eyüpsultan are in the west of the district. Şişli district covers an area of 34.8 km². It had 274,196 inhabitants in 2017.

Şişli was one of the seven subdistricts of Beyoğlu in 1935 and it had a municipality organization in the subdistrict center. The population of the subdistrict was 42,012 then. Of this, 1,180 people lived in the only village of the subdistrict, Kağıthane.

Şişli became a district on 4 March 1954.²⁴⁶ Ayazağa village from Sarıyer and Kağıthane village from Beyoğlu were attached to the district, whose center was Şişli. Şişli district had 1 (Merkez) subdistrict and 2 villages. This administrative structure stayed unchanged for a long time. The district had 2 villages (Ayazağa and Kâğıthane (Sadabat)) in 1980. However, these villages became neighborhoods of Şişli after 1980. The district did not have any subdistricts or villages in 1985. Şişli had 28 neighborhoods in 1990 and 27 in 2012. However, the number of Şişli’s neighborhoods declined when Ayazağa, Maslak and Huzur neighborhoods of Şişli were attached to Sarıyer with a law in 2012.²⁴⁷ These areas were within the boundaries of Sarıyer district in the past too. Ayazağa which was a village of Sarıyer was attached to Şişli in 1954.

Şişli had a population of 40,832 people in 1935. The population increased slightly and became 43,285 in 1945. The population of the district was 125,554 in the census of 1955, one year after the district was set up. After this date, it increased by 44% in 5 years and reached 181,402 in 1960. But the real increase was between 1960 and 1970, the population doubled in that period and reached 365,621 in 1970. A large part of this increase was due to the population increase in Kağıthane which was a village of the district. The population, which grew by 27%, reached 467,685 in 1980. It reached its peak with 526,526 in 1985. There was a significant decline in the population with the separation of Kağıthane in 1987. There were 250,478 inhabitants in 1990. After that, the population grew steadily reached 318,217 in 2012. Again with the separation of some neighborhoods in 2012, the population of Şişli decreased. There were 274,196 inhabitants in 2017.

Şişli currently has 25 neighborhoods. Gülbahar, Mecidiyeköy, Mahmut Şevket Paşa and Paşa are the most populous neighborhoods of the district. On the other hand, Halaskargazi is the smallest neighborhood (Table 36).

Male population which was slightly ahead between 1955 and 2000 was 49% in 2012. The female population was still higher in 2017 with 51.3%.

Şişli received lots of migration particularly between 1950 and 1980. As a result of the migrations, a large part of the population in the district is constituted by people coming from the provinces other than Istanbul. While Istanbul takes the first place according to the population registration data, only 22% of the population is from Istanbul. Most of the inhabitants come from Sivas, Ordu, Kastamonu, Erzincan and Giresun. The Black Sea region takes the first place with 32% in the distribution of the population by geographical regions. It is followed by Marmara (29%), Central Anatolia (14%) and East Anatolia (11%) regions.

The center of Şişli was a settlement area with the apartment buldings and luxury houses until 1970s. However, after this date, Osmanbey, Mecidiyeköy and later Zincirlikuyu became more of commercial centers. Despite this structure in the center, Kâğıthane, Çağlayan, Gültepe, Okmeydanı and Bomonti surroundings developed thanks to industrialization and shanty houses dominated those areas.

Community services, social and personal services have the highest employment rate with 27% in Şişli according to the researches made in 2000. Manufacturing industry follows it with 25%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector ranks the third with 21%.²⁴⁸ Esentepe and Bomonti are significant centers where the industry is located. However, After Ayazağa, Maslak and Huzur neighborhoods separated from Şişli, it lost most of its industrial areas. Thus, the ratio of manufacturing industry in the employment of the working population decreased greatly. Şişli’s service and commercial function became more distinct due the presence of many shopping centers, residences and skyscrapers accommodated by management centers of big companies.²⁴⁹

TUZLA

Table 37- Neighborhood population of Tuzla (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Tuzla district is located in the east of Istanbul and it is one of the three districts that have boundaries with Kocaeli. The district neighbors Pendik in the north and west, and Kocaeli in the east. The southern boundary of the district is formed by Marmara Sea. It covers an area 123.63 km². It had 252,923 inhabitants in 2017.

It is commonly accepted that Tuzla village took its name from the dried salt lake, where salt used to be produced.²⁵⁰ Another lake in the district is Kamil Abduş Lake which dried up and was located between Evliya Çelebi and Postane neighborhoods today. The names Balık, Mercan and Kamilbey are used for this lake.

Tuzla was a village of Gebze district in Kocaeli in 1950 and it was included in Kartal district in 1951. It had a population of 4,393 in 1960 and a municipality organization. Tuzla was still a village in Kartal in 1980. It became a neighborhood of Kartal after that date. It was included in Pendik district on 19 June 1987. However, this did not last long and it separated from Pendik, becoming a district on 27 May 1992.²⁵¹

Tuzla district was formed through the integration of 10 neighborhoods²⁵² and 3 villages²⁵³ that separated from Pendik. Tuzla was formed by 10 neighborhoods and 3 villages in 2000. However, new neighborhoods were founded in the following years. After the legal entities of the villages in Istanbul were abolished in 2012, the number of the neighborhoods increased to 17. Aydınlı, Şifa, Yayla and Mimarsinan are the most populous neighborhoods in Tuzla. On the other hand, Anadolu and Fatih neighborhoods are the smallest places (Table 37).

The population of Tuzla village was 2,414 in 1935. There was not a significant increase in the population until 1960. It nearly doubled between 1960 and 1970 and reached 9,905 in 1970. However, the most significant increase was 5.5 times between 1980 and 1990. The population rose from 16,440 in 1980 to 91,230 in 1990. The employment possibilities were the main cause in this rapid growth: The shipyards started operating when Tuzla was chosen to be the shipyard area, and new industry zones and other industrial facilities were established in the district.

There was not a significant increase in the population of Tuzla between 1990 and 2000 although it became a district in 1992. The impact of Marmara earthquake that happened on 17 August 1999 comes to mind for this slow growth. Tuzla was one of the most damaged places with high loss of lives caused by the 1999 earthquake.²⁵⁴ So, Tuzla has not been preferred much for settlement after that disaster due to its proximity to the earthquake’s epicenter, Gölcük and the fault line that passed from Marmara Sea.

Despite the negative effect of the disaster, there was another important population growth between 2000 and 2017. The district population reached 197,657 in 2012 and 252,923 in 2017. A large part of this increase was in the district center.

Male population has always been higher in Tuzla since 1935. The military facilities played a role in this surplus. It reached its highest value with 64% in 1970. However, the male population decreased depending on the population growth in time. It was 51.2% in 2017.

Tuzla, which became one of the significant industrial areas of Istanbul, received a considerable amount of migration, particularly after 1980. As a result of these migrations, a significant portion of the population is constituted by people who migrated to the area today. According to the population registration data (2012), only 10% of the population is from Istanbul. The rest is comprised of people who come from other provinces like Giresun, Samsun, Kastamonu and Erzurum. The Black Sea region has the highest ratio with 40% in the distribution of the population by geographical regions. Accordingly, almost half of Tuzla is from the Black Sea region. East Anatolia and Marmara are other regions with a significant population with 23% and 17% respectively.

According to a research made in 2000, manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate in Tuzla with a share of 35%. This is followed by community services, social and personal services group with a ratio of 29%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector ranks the third with 12%.²⁵⁵

Tuzla Shipyard which was established in Aydınlı Bay in early 1980s, have contributed greatly to the population growth in Tuzla. Apart from the shipyard, Naval Academy and İTÜ Maritime Faculty moved to the area and both had an accelerator effect in the development of the district. Organized industry zones that have been established in Aydınlı, Orhanlı and Tepeören since 1990s and TEM highway passing through this part has been a determinative component for the spatial growth in Tuzla to the north.

Tuzla became an important industrial area of Istanbul in the industrialization period which started with the establishment of Jeep and Porselen factories in 1955. 5 of the 8 organized industry zones in Istanbul are located in Tuzla.²⁵⁶ The first of these is Istanbul Tuzla Leather Organized Industry Zone (IDOS) that started operating in 1992 with the move of the factories from Kazlıçeşme to the area.

Tuzla lost the longstanding feature of being a summer resort greatly, but Istanbul Park in Akfırat neighborhood has an important function as a multifunctional area. Formula 1 races were held in Istanbul for the first time in Tuzla and it led to an increase in the construction activities of the surroundings.

ÜMRANİYE

Ümraniye is located on the Asian side of Istanbul and it neighbors Beykoz in the north and Ataşehir in the south. Çekmeköy and Sancaktepe are in the east and Üsküdar is in the west. It covers an area of 45.31 km² within these boundaries. It had 699,901 inhabitants in 2017.

Ümraniye was one of the 5 districts that were established in 1987 as a result of the changes in Istanbul’s administrative structure. It separated from Üsküdar and was set up as a district on 19 June 1987.²⁵⁷ It was formed through the administrative integration of 9 neighborhoods and 6 villages²⁵⁸ of Üsküdar and 3 villages²⁵⁹ of Beykoz. Ömerli was added to these villages later and the village number of the district rose to 10. Çekme, which was one of these villages, became a district with the name of Çekmeköy in 2008. Sarıgazi village was attached to Sancaktepe and the remaining ones to Çekmeköy.

Ümraniye village, which is the center of the district, is also known as Yeniköy and Muhacirköy.²⁶⁰ So, it is clear that the village was set up with the settlement of the migrants. Ümraniye village was attached to Kısıklı subdistrict of Üsküdar in 1935 and it was one of the 8 villages of the district. There were 570 people in Ümraniye village in 1935. The population had a slight increase and reached 885 in 1950. The first significant and substantial increase was between 1950 and 1960. The population increased by 8 times and reached 7,224 in 1960. It had a population of 14,800 in 1965 and also a municipality organization. The population maintained its rapid growth after this too and increased by nearly three times every decade between 1960 and 1980 and reached 71,954 in 1980. Ümraniye was a village of Üsküdar until 1980. Its legal entity was abolished at that time.

Ümraniye was set up as a district in 1987.²⁶¹ In 1990, 301,257 people lived in Ümraniye. A large part of this population, 242,091 people, were settled in the district center. The villages of the district had a population of 59,166. The population doubled between 1990 and 2000 and reached 605,855. When Çekmeköy, Alemdağ, Ömerli, Taşdelen and Sarıgazi separated from Ümraniye in 2008, the district was left with no villages. Despite this, the population growth continued and reached 699,901 in 2017. So Ümraniye was the 4^th biggest district of Istanbul after Esenyurt, Küçükçekmece and Bağcılar at that time.

Ümraniye had 9 neighborhoods at its establishment: Atatürk, Aşağı Dudullu, Çakmak, İnkılap, İstiklal, Kâzımkarabekir, Mustafakemal, Namık Kemal and Yukarı Dudullu. Atakent, Esenler, Hekimbaşı, Ihlamurkuyu and Yeniçamlıca neighborhoods were added to them in time and the number of neighborhoods rose to 14 in 2000. Ümraniye currently has 35 neighborhoods (Table 38). This increase in the number of the neighborhoods refers to the spatial growth of Ümraniye. İstiklal, Armağanevler and Çakmak are the most populous neigborhoods in Ümraniye.

Table 38- Neighborhood population of Ümraniye (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Male population has always been higher with a narrow margin in Ümraniye except 1940. Male population ratio was 52% in 1990, 50.5% in 2012 and 50.1% in 2017. Accordingly, there is a balanced distribution in the gender structure of the population in the district.

Ümraniye is one of the significant places of Istanbul that has received migration since 1980. It experienced a rapid population growth due to these migrations. A large part of the population is constituted by the people who come from the provinces other than Istanbul. In a study carried out in 1970s, it was stated that almost all of the population in Ümraniye was from other places than Istanbul, and the majority of the population was formed by people who come from the Black Sea region and eastern cities as well as people born in Yugoslavia.²⁶²

According to the data of 2012, people from Istanbul constitute 12% of Ümraniye’s population. People from Sivas rank the second with 9%. People from Rize, Ordu, Kastamonu, Giresun and Erzincan take a significant place in the population of the district. The Black Sea region takes the first place (39%) in the distribution of the population by geographical regions as in the most of the districts of Istanbul. East Anatolia region ranks the second with 20%. The Central Anatolia (16%) and Marmara (16%) regions follow it.

Ümraniye developed rapidly after 1980s and it contains important industrial facilities. Dudullu Organized Industry Zone, which was established in 1983, is one of the 8 organized industry zones in Istanbul. İMES was founded in 1986 and DES and KADOSAN industry sites were founded in 1996 in this area. Thosands of people work in İMES, DES and KADOSAN.²⁶³ Apart from these, Ümraniye Industry Site and other facilities in its vicinity are other important industrial areas within Saray and Yamanevler neighborhoods. MODOKO Furniture Dealers Site in Yukarı Dudullu neighborhood is also another important industrial and commercial area. There are also many shopping centers in the district.²⁶⁴

There has been a distinct increase in the number of the housing estates and luxury houses after 2000 in different parts of Ümraniye, where an unplanned settlement pattern is prevailing.²⁶⁵ Istanbul International Finance Center, the construction of which started in Site neighborhood in 2013, will be another important area of economic activity in the district. However, due to its location and its relation to other projects, the finance center has caused a more distinct change in Ataşehir rather than Ümraniye.

Manufacturing industry has the highest employment rate with 30% in Ümraniye (2000). It is followed by wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector with 20.8%. Community services, social and personal services groups ranks the third with 20.3%.²⁶⁶

ÜSKÜDAR

Üsküdar is one of the historical districts of Istanbul on the Asian side. It neighbors Beykoz in the north and Kadıköy in the south. Bosphorus is in the west, and Ümraniye and Ataşehir are in the east of the district. It covers an area of 35.33 km². Üsküdar had 533,570 inhabitants in 2017.

Üsküdar district covered an area of 1,090 km² in 1927. However, its area shrank in time with the establishment of new districts. It was 186 km² in 1960, 151 km² in 1983 and it is 35.33 km² today.

Üsküdar was set up as a district in 1926 and it was one of the 7 districts of Istanbul in 1927. Üsküdar district was comprised of Merkez, Beylerbeyi and Kısıklı subdistricts in 1935 and these subdistricts had municipality organizations. Beylerbeyi and Kısıklı were abolished after 1965, and the district had only Merkez subdistrict in 1970.

Üsküdar had 7 villages in 1935, all located in Kısıklı subdistrict: Alemdağ, Aşağıdudullu, Çekme, Reşadiye, Sultançiftliği, Ümraniye and Yukarıdudullu. Ümraniye and Çekme (Çekmeköy) are districts today. Sarıgazi village which was within the boundaries of Kartal until 1965 was included in Üsküdar after that year. A new village, Yenidoğan was set up in 1966. Thus, the number of villages of Üsküdar rose to 9. However, this regulation was shortlived and some of the villages were separated from Üsküdar. So it had 6 villages in 1985 (Alemdağ, Çekme, Reşadiye, Sarıgazi, Sultançiftliği and Yenidoğan). Shortly after, these villages were included in Ümraniye district in 1987, and Üsküdar has no villages since then.

Üsküdar had 50 neighborhoods in 1990 and 54 in 2000. But after the new reorganisations done by the law²⁶⁷ this number lessened. It currently has 33 neighborhoods (Table 39).

The population of Üsküdar was 155,092 in 1927, but it decreased to 57,075 in 1935. The reason for this decline was the establishment of new districts, namely, Kadıköy, Beykoz and Kartal. The downward trend of the population number continued after 1935 and it decreased to 54,969 in 1940. However, it grew constantly after this date. It reached 111,821 in 1960 with an increase of 54% between 1950 and 1960. However, the biggest increase was between 1970 and 1980. The population nearly doubled and reached 366,186 in 1980. Both the district center and the villages had an important increase in the number of the inhabitants (81% and 28% respectively) in this period. Such an increase happened for the first time in the district population and there was not such an increase after this either. The growth rate was 8% in 1980-1990 period. The separation of Ümraniye from Üsküdar in 1987 caused slowdown in the growth rate. But despite this, the population growth continued slightly and it reached 495,118 in 2000 and 535,916 in 2012.

Table 39- Neighborhood population of Üsküdar (2017)

Source: TÜİK

Cumhuriyet, Yavuztürk, Ünalan and Bulgurlu are the most populous neighborhoods of Üsküdar, whereas Kandilli and Kuleli are the smallest ones (Table 39).

Male and female population have similar numbers and ratios in the gender distribution. Female population was slightly higher in 1927. Male population was higher in other years until 2000. The highest male population ratio was 52% in 1970. Female population was slightly higher again in 2000, 2012 and 2017 (51.1% in 2017). This data indicates the balance in the gender distribution of the population.

20% of the population is from Istanbul according to the population registration data (2012). This data indicates that a large part of the population migrated to the area. People from Rize, Sivas, Giresun, Kastamonu, Trabzon and Ordu are the primary provinces Üsküdar received migration from. A significant part of the population (36%) is from the Black Sea region. Marmara has a share of 26%, and the East Anatolia region follows it with 14%.

Üsküdar is a historical settlement area as well. It is the most important settlement area opposite the historical peninsula. Üsküdar is located on the east coast of the Bosphorus at the end of the roads from Anatolia. In 1920s, it was comprised of the area remaining in between Haydarpaşa Hospital²⁶⁸ and Selimiye Barracks in the south, Nuhkuyusu street and İcadiye-Bağlarbaşı street in the north, and Kuzguncuk in the west. Historical Karacaahmet Cemetery in the southeast of Üsküdar was out of Üsküdar’s settlement area in 1920s. Altunizade and Kısıklı in the east of Üsküdar were sparsely populated rural settlement areas. Beylerbeyi which was in the north of Kuzguncuk was a separate settlement area from Üsküdar. Çengelköy, Vaniköy and Kandilli were small settlement areas of Bosphorus further north, and the hillsides in the back of these shoreline settlements were empty. Hasippaşa farm was located on the hillside of Çengelköy. These hillsides, the Bosna Boulevard (ex-Natoyolu), Zübeyde Hanım and Rasathane streets have become settlement areas with many housing estates, luxury houses and apartment buildings since 1990s.

The surroundings of Büyük and Küçük Çamlıca hills, Bosphorus coast, Vaniköy and Kandilli hillsides are where the luxury houses are located. Altunizade and Acıbadem neighborhoods are the other areas where such houses are located. Koşuyolu is one of the planned areas of Üsküdar with single floor houses and houses with yards constructed by Emlak Bank between 1950 and 1955.

Üsküdar does not have industrial areas within the limits of the district. There are shopping centers like Capitol, Emaar Square, Akasya Acıbadem. Altunizade became an important quarter where the management centers of many companies are located.

Another striking development is the flourishing of new universities, both governmental and non-governmental, in Üsküdar as in some other districts of Istanbul since 2010. Other than these universities, the presence of Turkish Diyanet Foundation Center for Islamic Studies (İSAM), which was founded in 1988, and new educational and cultural institutions in Üsküdar contribute to the development of cultural life in the district.

Üsküdar has always been Istanbul’s gate to Anatolia throughout the history due to its geographical location. While Old İstanbul-Ankara highway passes over Üsküdar-Kısıklı-Ümraniye, E-5 (D 100) highway that was opened to transportation in mid-1950s and Bosphorus Bridge constructed in 1974 undoubtedly contributed greatly to the transportation of Üsküdar. Üsküdar has been one of the important places connecting two sides of the Bosphorus throughout the history. Central metro station of The Marmaray on the Asian side that was opened on 29 October 2013 in Üsküdar increased its significance in transportation.

Agriculture took the first place with 28% in the economic activities of the population in Üsküdar in 1927. It was followed by trade (20%) and industry (12%). However, this situation changed completely after 1980s. Community services, social and personal services group has the highest employment rate with 26% according to the data of 2012. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector (22%) and manufacturing industry (21%) follow it.²⁶⁹

ZEYTİNBURNU

Zeytinburnu is located next to the old city walls surrounding the historical peninsula on the European side. It neighbors Bayrampaşa and Eyüpsultan in the north. The Marmara Sea lies to the south. Fatih is in the east and Bakırköy, Güngören and Esenler are in the west of the district. The district’s boundary with Fatih passes through the historical city walls. Zeytinburnu covers an area of 11.59 km² within these boundaries. It had 287,378 inhabitants in 2017.

Zeytinburnu subdistrict had 5 neighborhoods (Sümer, Telsiz, Yenidoğan, Nuripaşa and Yeşiltepe) in 1956, one year before it became a district.²⁷⁰ However, it is also recorded that Zeytinburnu subdistrict had 4 neighborhoods according to the law regarding the foundation of the district issued on Resmî Gazete in 1957. The district was founded with 6 neighborhoods by including 2 neighborhoods of Samatya subdistrict.²⁷¹

Zeytinburnu was a subdistrict of Bakırköy before it became a district. Zeytinburnu district was set up through the administrative integration of Sümer, Nuripaşa, Yenidoğan and Yeşiltepe neighborhoods of Zeytinburnu, and Kazlıçeşme and Maltepe neighborhoods of Samatya subdistrict of Fatih on 19 June 1957.²⁷² Zeytinburnu was the 18^th district of Istanbul.

Telsiz and Merkezefendi neighborhoods were set up later and the number of neighborhoods reached 8 in 1960.²⁷³ After these neighorhoods, Veliefendi and Beştelsiz neighborhoods were set up, so the district had 10 neighborhoods in 1971.²⁷⁴ Çırpıcı, Gökalp and Seyitnizam neighborhoods were set up after this date and the number of the neighborhoods rose to 13. Zeytinburnu currently has 13 neighborhoods (Table 40).

The area where Zeytinburnu is located today used to be empty to a great extent in 1920s. Merkez Efendi Social Complexes across from Mevlanakapı which is one of the gates of the city walls opening outside, Seyyid Nizam Lodge in Silivrikapı, Topkapı Cemetery in further north and Mithat Paşa Farm²⁷⁵ in its west and Rum Hospital²⁷⁶ in the south as well as some industrial facilities on Kazlıçeşme and Zeytinburnu coast were located in the area.²⁷⁷ Many factories and facilities for yarn, wool yarn, oil, plastic and medicine were in the area in the west of Topkapı Cemetery in late 1950s. Today, the area where Maltepe neighborhood is located used to be Mithatpaşa neighborhood then.²⁷⁸ The neighborhood was named after the aforementioned farm and it was changed later. As a matter of fact, the name Maltepe was also used for the same region in 1972.²⁷⁹

The industrial facilities in Zeytinburnu were established in Kazlıçeşme in Ottoman period for the first time. Leather industry in Kazlıçeşme had been there since the time of Fatih Sultan Mehmet. Tanneries were integrated during the industrial renovation movement between 1863 and 1865. In 1927, the law of the incentives to the industry (Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunu) led to an increase of leather factories.²⁸⁰

Table 40- Neighborhood population of Zeytinburnu

Source: TÜİK

In 1947, Zeytinburnu became an industrial area with the regulation regarding Istanbul’s Industrial Areas (Sanayi Bölgelerine Ait Talimatname) of Istanbul Municipality Directorate of Development. After this regulation, the industrial activities expanded greatly in the district, as in the case of the development of the industry in Maltepe neighborhood which is in the north of the district. The development of the industry in 1950s attracted some of the migrations to Zeytinburnu and a shanty town was formed in the regions close to the factories. The surroundings of Yedikule Hospital were showed as “Shanty Neighborhood” in 1958.²⁸¹ While the subdistricts of Bakırköy were listed in 1955, a note saying “shanties” was written for Zeytinburnu subdistrict.²⁸² The first shanties in Zeytinburnu was built in 1947. A part of the residents of 28 buildings that were expropriated during the construction of Atatürk boulevard, also built shanties in Zeytinburnu.²⁸³ This information is significant in terms of showing the settlement features of Zeytinburnu that was accepted as the first shanty town area of Istanbul.

88,341 people lived in Zeytinburnu in 1960. The population increased by 33% after that and reached 117,905 in 1970. The increase rate was 33% in 1980-1990 period too and the district population rose to 165,679 in 1990. The growth rate reached its highest value with 49% in 1990-2000 period and slowed down after 2000. The population reached 292,407 in 2012 with an increase of 18%.

Telsiz, Sümer and Çırpıcı neighborhoods are the most populous places in Zeytinburnu (Table 40). Sümer neighborhood had a population increase thrice. The housing construction projects carried out in recent years were influential in this increase.²⁸⁴ On the other hand, Maltepe and Kazlıçeşme are the smallest neighborhoods. The reason for this is that these neighborhoods are mainly industrial areas. After Topkapı Bus Station moved to Esenler, the expropriations due to Topkapı Culture Park construction in and around the bus station area in 1995 has narrowed already small residential areas in Maltepe. The relocation of Karayolları and Şişe Cam Lodging Buildings to other places was another reason for the decrease in the population. In Kazlıçeşme which is the oldest industrial area of Zeytinburnu has a limited residential area and thus is scarcely populated. After industrial facilities (primarily leather factories) moved from the area in 1990s, the population grew slightly but its population decreased considerably after 2000. However, a new population growth is expected in Kazlıçeşme in the nearest future, due to the housing projects being carried out within the scope of urban transformation.²⁸⁵

Male population has always been higher in Zeytinburnu. The male population ratio which was 55% in 1960 and 1990, decreased in time. It was 50.4% in 2012 and 49.9% in 2017.

The people from Istanbul are nearly one fifth of the district population (18%). According to the population registration data, people from Mardin and Giresun follow them. The Marmara region takes the first place (28%) in the distribution of district population by geographical regions. The Black Sea and the Southeast Anatolia regions follow it with 24% and 20% respectively.

According to the data of 2000, an important part of the population (46%) worked in the manufacturing industry in Zeytinburnu where the industrial facilities are dense. This figure has the highest ratio after Esenler, Bağcılar and Gaziosmanpaşa. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotel sector followed it with 19%. Community services, social and personal services group ranks the third with 17%.²⁸⁶

Zeytinburnu has been a center of leather production until very recently due to tanneries Fatih Sultan Mehmet had constructed in Kazlıçeşme. However, it lost this feature with the move of the facilities to Tuzla where Leather Industry Zone was organized in early 1990s. However, Zeytinburnu is an important industrial area with many industrial facilities particularly weaving and chemistry. There are some sites established for certain craft groups such as Demirciler (ironsmiths) and Nakliyeciler (transporters) Site in Seyitnizam neighborhood and Matbaacılar (pressmen) and Ciltçiler (bookbinders) Site in Maltepe neighborhood of the district. There are also shopping centers like Olivium and Zeruj that contribute to the commerce in the district.

Planned housing areas are very small in Zeytinburnu. Merkezefendi, Seyitnizam ve Sümer neighborhoods have became areas where multi-storey luxury housing projects are carried out since early 2000 in Zeytinburnu where urban transformation projects are implemented.²⁸⁷ Recently construction of residences and houses like skyscrapers has started in the industrial areas of the past.²⁸⁸

FOOTNOTES

1 It is Fatih district of today.

2 1927 Umumi Nüfus Tahriri, Ankara : Hüsnü Tabiat Basımevi, 1929, fascicle 2, pp. 92-93.

3 İstanbul Şehri İstatistik Yıllığı 1930-1931, Istanbul: Belediye Matbaası, 1932, p. 35.

4 Those five districts were set up with the law no. 1612 which was adopted 15 May 1930, issued in Resmî Gazete (Official Gazzette) no. 1499 on 21 May 1930, p. 8935, and put into effect on 1 September 1930.

5 Resmî Gazete, 15 Eylül 1930, no. 1596, p. 9365.

6 This new districts were set up in Istanbul with the law no. 5747 that was adopted on 6 March 2008 and put into effect after being published in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

7 Districts of the European side: Arnavutköy, Avcılar, Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Bakırköy, Başakşehir, Bayrampaşa, Beşiktaş, Beylikdüzü, Beyoğlu, Büyükçekmece, Çatalca, Esenler, Esenyurt, Eyüp, Fatih, Gaziosmanpaşa, Güngören, Kâğıthane, Küçükçekmece, Sarıyer, Silivri, Sultangazi, Şişli and Zeytinburnu.

8 Districts of the Asian side: Adalar, Ataşehir, Beykoz, Çekmeköy, Kadıköy, Kartal, Maltepe, Pendik, Sancaktepe, Sultanbeyli, Şile, Tuzla, Ümraniye and Üsküdar.

9 European side has 88 km^2, and Asian side has 29 km² of lake area.

10 Also known as Hayırsızada.

11 Its other name is Balıkçı Adası.

12 Yassıada that was used by Turkish Naval Forces was given to Istanbul University Faculty of Aquaculture in 1993, but the faculty left the island after using it for a short period of time in 1995.

13 Büyükada covers an area of 5.36 km², Heybeli 2.46 km², Burgaz 1.45 km², Kınalı 1.32 km² and Sedef 0.34 km² (Türkiye İstatistik Yıllığı 1998, Ankara : Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1999, p. 15).

14 Osman Nuri [Ergin], Beledî Bilgiler, Istanbul: Hamit Bey Matbaası, 1932, p. 32.

15 İstanbul Şehri Rehberi, Istanbul: İstanbul Belediyesi,1934, s. 197; For the map of districts of Adalar pp. 32-34.

16 1927 Umumi Nüfus Tahriri, fascicle 2, p. 100.

17 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı : 2000 General Census: 34 Istanbul, Istanbul: Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 2002, pp. 200-201.

18 Many neighborhoods which were under Gaziosmanpaşa district were linked to Arnavutköy district. These are İmrahor, İslambey, Merkez and Yavuzselim neighborhoods under the Municipality of Arnavutköy; Atatürk, İstiklal and Merkez neighborhoods under Boğazköy Municipality; Hicret, Mavigöl and Merkez neighborhoods under Bolluca municipality; Karlıbayır and Merkez neighborhoods under Haraççı Municipality, Adnan Menderes, Fatih, Mareşal Fezviçakmak, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Merkez and Çilingir neighborhoods under Taşoluk Municipality. The neighborhoods which were in Çatalca but linked to Arnavutköy are Sazlıbosna, Nakkaş, İstasyon, Hastane, Yeşilbayır, Deliklikaya, Ömerli, Dursunköy neighborhoods under Hadımköy municipality; Bahşayış under Çatalca municipality, Cami and Zafer neighborhoods under Durusu municipality.

19 Hacımaşlı, Yeniköy and Tayakadın villages of Gaziosmanpaşa and Baklalı, Balaban, Boyalık, Karaburun and Yassıören villages of Çatalca.

20 Arnavutköy became a district with law no. 5747 that was adopted on 6 March 2008 and published in Resmî Gazete’s issue no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

21 The legal entities of the villages in Istanbul were abolished and they became neighborhoods with law no. 6360 that was adopted on 12 November 2012 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 28489 on 6 December 2012. However, this change was put into effect in local administration elections (30 Mart 2014).

22 Mehmet Karakuyu, “Hadımköy’ün Sanayileşme Süreci; Gelişme Nedenleri, Yapısı ve Sorunları”, Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 2008, no. 18, p. 47.

23 TOKİ Hadımköy Akpınar Konutları 1. 2. 3. 4. Bölge, KİPTAŞ Hadımköy 1. Etap Konutları.

24 TOKİ Taşoluk Konutları.

25 KİPTAŞ Arnavutköy Konutları.

26 Agricultural data have been taken from district’s Food, Agriculture and Livestock Directorate.

27 Forest data belonging to districts have been taken from Istanbul Regional Directorate of Forestry.

28 Ataşehir district was set up with the law no. 5747 which was adopted on 22 March 2008 and put into effect after being published in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

29 Turkey 1/25.000, Chamlija Sheet, G.S., no. 3055, London : War Office, 1920.

30 İçerenköy today.

31 İstanbul Şehri İstatistik Yıllığı 1930-1931, p. 35.

32 Varyap Meridian, Kent Plus Ataşehir, Ülker City, Uphill Court, Ağaoğlu Moontown, Ağaoğlu Starland, Ağaoğlu Andromedia, Ağaoğlu Myworld, Ağaoğlu My Prestige, Ağaoğlu Highpark, Ağaoğlu Southside, Ağaoğlu Suncity and Trio Konutları are the primary projects in Barbaros neighborhoods.

33 Optimum is in Yenisahra, Palladium ve Brandium are in Küçükbakkalköy, and Carrefour and Bauhaus shopping centers are in İçerenköy.

34 Mariott, Rixos, Greenpark hotels.

35 The establishment of the financial center which had been in the agenda for a long time and named as Ataşehir Financial Center was formalized in 2009. The decision regarding the establishment of Istanbul International Finance Center was published in Resmî Gazete no. 27364 on 2 October 2009. The Finance Center will be an area where Banking Regulation and Audit Agency, Capital Market Board, Halk Bank, Ziraat Bank and Vakıflar Bank will be located.

36 One of these projects is Metropol Istanbul which continue to be constructed in the North of Ataşehir Collective Housing in Atatürk neighborhood.

37 Avcılar district was set up with the law no. 3806 which was adopted on 27 May 1992 and published in Resmî Gazete no. 21247 on 3 June 1992.

38 Yeşilkent neighborhood was set up in 2002.

39 1945 Genel Nüfus Sayımı : 1945 General Census, Ankara : İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü, 1945, p. 291; 1950 Umumi Nüfus Sayımı, Ankara : İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü, 1954, p. 205.

40 1997 Genel Nüfus Tespiti: İdari Bölünüş / Population Count Administrative Division, Ankara : Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1998, p. 34.

41 Avcılar Center, Ambarlı, Cihangir, Denizköşkler, Firuzköy, Gümüşpala, Mustafa Kemal Paşa and Üniversite neighborhoods.

42 Erol Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2010, p. 90.

43 TOKİ Bizimevler, Bizimevler 2, 3 and 4, Avrupa Konutları Ispartakule 1, 2 and 3, Bizimevler, İstanbul Evleri, Kozaevleri, Tulip Turkuaz, Ağaoğlu Ispartakule, Patara Sitesi, Efes Sitesi, Ispartakule Koza Evleri 2. Etap konutları.

44 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

45 Bağcılar (Merkez), Bağlar, Barbaros, Çınar, Demirkapı, Evren (now 15 Temmuz), Fevzi Çakmak (Kirazlı bölgesi), Fevzi Çakmak (Bağlar bölgesi), Hürriyet (Güneşli bölgesi), Güneşli (Merkez), Göztepe, İnönü, Kâzımkarabekir (Bağcılar bölgesi), Kemalpaşa, Mahmutbey (Merkez), Sancaktepe, Yavuzselim (Bağlar bölgesi), Yenigün, Yenimahalle, Yıldıztepe and Yüzüncüyıl.

46 Bağcılar district was set up with law no. 3086 which was adopted on 27.05.1992. This law was issued in Resmî Gazete no. 21247 on 3 June 1992.

47 1935 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: İstanbul, Istanbul: İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü, 1936, p. 9; 1970 General Census: Administrative Division, Ankara : Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1973, p. 302.

48 1940 General Census, Ankara : Sakarya Basımevi, 1948, p. 318.

49 1965 General Census: Administrative Division, Ankara : Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1968, s. 333; 1975 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: İdari Bölünüş / 1975 General Census: Administrative Division, Ankara : Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1977, Istanbul fascicle, p. 4.

50 1975 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: İdari Bölünüş, p. 4; 1980 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul / 1980 General Census: 34 İstanbul, Ankara : Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1983, p. 5.

51 Turkey 1/25.000, Makri Keui Sheet, G.S., no. 3055, London: War Office, 1920.

52 1997 Genel Nüfus Tespiti: İdari Bölünüş, p. 34, 57.

53 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

54 Kadir Temurçin, “Bağcılar (İstanbul) İlçesi’nde Sanayinin Gelişimi ve Yapısı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2012, no. 26, pp. 105, 113, 118.

55 Istanbul Wholesalers Hall (İSTOÇ) which is the biggest wholesaler hall in Istanbul is in Mahmutbey neighborhood in the north of TEM highway. 212 Istanbul Shopping Center is also here.

56 Metro Grossmarket and Praktiker shopping center are in 15 Temmuz neighborhood.

57 İSTOÇ Auto Trade Center is in this neighborhood.

58 Auto Center and Auto Mall in Yüzüncüyıl neighborhood are the biggest auto shopping centers of Istanbul.

59 Different names are used for different parts of Uzuncadere (Ayamama) Stream. Değirmenbahçe, Sefaköy and Alemdar are used for the middle parts of the stream that is known as Halkalı Stream in the upper parts.

60 Bahçelievler district was set up with law no. 3086 which was adopted on 27 May 1992 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 21247 on 3 June 1992.

61 Siyavuşpaşa Farm’s other name is Çavuşpaşa Farm. The name Çavuşbaşı was also used for the farm. (Türkiye Topoğrafya Haritası, İstanbul F 21 c4 Paftası, Ankara : Harita Umum Müdürlüğü, 1972). Çavuşpaşa Street is in the quarter where the farm used to be located. However it is known as Çavuşbaşı instead of Çavuşpaşa by the public and Çavuşbaşı Street is used for many addresses for government institutions as well as private businesses.

62 Turkey 1/25.000, Makri Keui Sheet.

63 Turkey Topographical Map, İstanbul F 21 c4 Sheet, Ankara : Harita Umum Müdürlüğü, 1958.

64 Turkey Topographical Map, İstanbul F 21 c4 Sheet, 1972.

65 Zafer neighborhood had the highest population in Istanbul in 2011. İçerenköy (75,274 people, Ataşehir) was the second and Soğanlı neighborhood (73,110 people, Bahçelievler) was the third. They were followed by Ellinciyıl (71,128 people, Sultangazi), Siyavuşpaşa (70,762 people, Bahçelievler), Karadeniz (70,056 people, Gaziosmanpaşa), İnönü (69,414 people, Küçükçekmece), Kocasinan Merkez (66,724 people, Bahçelievler), Yeşilkent (64,653 people, Avcılar) and Halkalı Merkez neighborhood (64,358 people, Küçükçekmece).

66 E.g. Koçtaş Migros (Fevzi Çakmak), Carrefoursa (Bahçelievler), Metroport (Bahçelievler), Kadir Has (Bahçelievler), M 1 Meydan Merter (Bahçelievler) and StarCity (Yenibosna Merkez).

67 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

68 1927 Umumi Nüfus Tahriri, p. 92; 1990 GenelNüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, Istanbul: Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1993, p. 24.

69 The villages of Mahmutbey subdistrict were Atışalanı (Ayas), Çıfıtburgaz (Bağcılar), İkitelli, Esenler (Litros), Güngören (Vidos), Kayabaşı (Ayayorgi), Kirazlı (Ayapa), Kocasinan (Nifos), Mahmutbey, Şamlar and Yenibosna. And the villages of Yeşilköy subdistrict were Ambarlı, Avcılar, Firuz, Halkalı, Küçükçekmece, Safra (Sefaköy), Şenlikköy (Kalitarya) and Yeşilköy.

70 Turkey 1/25.000, Makri Keui Sheet.

71 Ataköy I., Ataköy II., Ataköy III., Bahçelievler, Cevizlik, Kartaltepe, Osmaniye, Sakızağacı, Şenlik, Şevketiye, Tozkoparan, Ümraniye, Yenimahalle, Yeşilyurt, Zeytinlik, Zuhuratbaba and Zümrütyuva neighborhoods. İstanbul Şehir Rehberi: 1971, Istanbul: İstanbul Belediyesi, 1971, p. I.

72 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 229.

73 Suna Doğaner, “Bakırköy’ün Mekânsal ve Kültürel Değişimi”, Tarih ve Uygarlık İstanbul, 2012, no. 1-2, p. 214.

74 1927 Umumi Nüfus Tahriri, p. 100; 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

75 Akın Tekstil, Akfil Tekstil, Ariş İplik, Aksu İplik, Bornovalı Yün İpliği ve Mensucat Sanayi, Emboy İplik, Narin Kadife, Kilim Mensucat, Emayetaş Madeni Eşya, Dora Plastik, Derby Lastik Fabrikası.

76 Referans Bakırköy, Bakırköy 46, Hipodrom Aksu Evleri, Vezüv Konakları, etc.

77 Doğaner, “Bakırköy’ün Mekânsal ve Kültürel Değişimi”, p. 222.

78 E.g. Galeria, Carousel, Capacity, Fly Inn, Airport, Atrium, Ataköy Plas, Marmara Forum.

79 Efforts towards announcing Veliefendi Hippodrome and Cirpici Cayiri in the North of it as protected areas and constructing a city park in this area are still in progress.

80 Ataköy Toplu Konutları includes 4 neighborhoods: Ataköy/Part 1, Ataköy/Parts 2-5-6, Ataköy/Parts 3-4-11 and Ataköy/Parts 7-8-9-10.

81 Doğaner, “Bakırköy’ün Mekânsal ve Kültürel Değişimi”, pp. 213, 239.

82 The name of this Başakşehir was changed to Başak with a decision made by Esenler Municipality on 08.03.2009 in order to prevent name confusion (Meryem Hayır, İstanbul Başakşehir’de Şehirleşme Süreci, Istanbul: Çantay Kitabevi, 2009, p. 47).

83 Başakşehir district was set up with law no. 5747 which was adopted on 6 March 2008 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

84 Hayır, İstanbul Başakşehir’de Şehirleşme Süreci, p. 47.

85 Hayır, İstanbul Başakşehir’de Şehirleşme Süreci, pp. 51, 59.

86 Institutional Practices and Projects award within the framework of United Nations HABITAT 2 Conference in 1996, New Urban Settlement Understanding award in Canada in 1997, and Urban Arrangement Award by The American Institute of Architects in 2000 (Hayır, İstanbul Başakşehir’de Şehirleşme Süreci, p. 66).

87 Hayır, İstanbul Başakşehir’de Şehirleşme Süreci, p. 74.

88 Bayrampaşa became a district with the law no. 3644 which was adopted on 9 May 1990 and published on Resmî Gazete no. 20529 on 20 May 1990.

89 Sağmal means a milker, lactiferous cow.

90 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 254.

91 The other one is Alibeyköy.

92 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 254.

93 Sağmalcılar High School and Sağmalcılar Anadolu High School.

94 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 83.

95 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 83.

96 E.g. Carrefour, Bauhaus and ORA İstanbul in Altıntepe, Praktiker, IKEA and Forum İstanbul in Kocatepe.

97 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

98 The district was set up with law no. 1612 which was adopted on 15 May 1930 and put into effect on 1 September 1930 (Resmî Gazete, 21 May 1930, no. 1499, p. 8935).

99 Turkey 1/25.000, Constantinople Sheet, G.S., no. 3055, Ordinance Servey, London : War Office, 1917.

100 Hayrettin Lokmanoğlu, Haritalı Şehir Rehberi, Istanbul: Halk Basımevi, 1955, Eki: Beşiktaş kazası I. harita.

101 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan Mekân, p. 256.

102 Lokmanoğlu, İstanbul Şehri Rehberi, Beşiktaş kazası haritası, pp. 20-21.

103 Lokmanoğlu, Haritalı Şehir Rehberi, p. 15.

104 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi: 1971, p. I.

105 Ertuğrul Girls’ Qur’an Course in Gayrettepe carried the old name of the neighborhood to this day.

106 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul. pp. 200-201.

107 E.g. Akmerkez (in Kültür, 1993), Mayadrom (in Akatlar, 1998).

108 Sabancı Center (in Konaklar, 1993), İş Bankası Towers (in Levent, 2000), Yapı Kredi Plaza (in Levent), Zorlu Center (in Levazım) are the main skyscrapers. These skyscrapers are lined along Büyükdere Street although they are in different neighborhoods. East of the Street is Beşiktaş and the West is Şişli. As a quarter Levent covers a wider area than Levent neighborhood, and it is known as the area of skyscrapers. There are skyscrapers in Dikilitaş too, like Polat Towers, Selenium Residence, Selenium Twins, Büyükhanlı Barbaros.

109 It is within Anadolukavağı today. There are street names such as Mirşah Hamam, Mirşah Çeşmesi Çıkmazı, Mirşah Çeşmesi in Anadolukavağı today, see İstanbul Şehir Rehberi, İstanbul 1998, p. 10.

110 İstanbul Şehri İstatistik Yıllığı 1930-1931, pp. 36, 37.

111 1935 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: İstanbul Vilâyeti, p. 9.

112 İstanbul Şehri Rehberi, p. 24, Beykoz Kaza Haritası.

113 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi : 1971, p. I.

114 Göksu Evleri and Hisar Evleri in Göztepe neighborhood.

115 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

116 Büyükşehir, Cumhuriyet, Sahil, Barış and Kavaklı neighborhoods.

117 Adnan Kahveci, Dereağzı and Merkez neighborhoods.

118 Merkez and Marmara neighborhoods.

119 Beylikdüzü district was set up with law no. 5747 which was adopted on 6 March 2008 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

120 The change of the name was based on the cabinet decree no. 4962 on 10 December 2002, and it was issued in Resmî Gazete no. 24988 on 9 January 2003.

121 Haramidere, Pirinççiler, Bakırcılar, Mermerciler ve Birlik industrial areas.

122 E.g. Migros Beylikdüzü, Beylicium and Outlet Park.

123 İhlas Marmara Evleri 1. Kısım, TEV Sağlık ve Kardelen siteleri, Kiptaş Yakuplu Evleri ve Eston Reşitpaşa Evleri.

124 Hasbahçe, Ata, Jetkent 1, Parlementerler, Ceylan, Akay, Yeşilkent 1, 2, 3 ve Özbey Kent siteleri, Sera ve Yeşilvadi konutları ve Ekşioğlu Şelale Evleri.

125  West İstanbul Marina.

126 İstanbul City Guide, Beyoğlu maps, pp. 14-19.

127 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi : 1971, p. I.

128 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 232.

129 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, Istanbul: Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 2002, pp. 200-201.

130 Büyükçekmece district was set up with law no. 3392 which was adopted on 19 June 1987 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 19507 on 4 July 1987.

131 From these 13 villages, only Ahmediye, Çakmaklı, Güzelce, Karaağaç, Kumburgaz, Mimarsinan and Türkoba are the names of neighborhoods in Büyükçekmece today.

132 Atatürk, Cumhuriyet, Dizdariye, Fatih and 19 Mayıs neighborhoods.

133 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, p. 61.

134 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-2001.

135 As mentioned above (see footnote 21), the legal entities of the villages in Istanbul were abolished in 2012.

136 2000 Genel Nüfsus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

137 Data regarding agriculture and husbandry have been taken from Çatalca Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Husbandry.

138 Istanbul Region Directorate of Forests data.

139 Çekmeköy district was set up with law no. 5747 which was adopted 6 March 2008 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

140 Merkez, Mimarsinan, Hamidiye, Mehmetakif (north), Çamlık (north) neighborhoods.

141 Merkez, Nişantepe, Çatalmeşe, Ekşioğlu neighborhoods.

142 Merkez neighborhood.

143 Merkez, Çamlık, Güngören, Kirazlıdere, Aydınlar, Soğukpınar, Cumhuriyet neighborhoods

144 See footnote 21 about the abolition of the legal entities of the villages in 2012.

145 Esenler district was set up with law no. 3949 which was adopted on 27 December 1993 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 21803 on 29 December 1993.

146 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

147 Ardıçlı, Fatih, Mehterçeşme, Örnek, Talatpaşa, Yenikent, Cumhuriyet, Pınar, Yeşilkent, Merkez, Sanayi, Esenkent, İnönü, Namık Kemal, Saadetdere and İncirtepe neighborhoods.

148 Merkez, Namık Kemal, Çakmaklı (east of TEM - D 100 access road).

149 Güzelyurt (Haramidere).

150 Yeşilkent neighborhood’s part in the west of O-3 and D 100 access road.

151 A portion of Part 2 neighborhood in the west of Hadımköy-Hoşdere/Esenyurt-Hadımköy road and in the North of Sanayi neighborhood.

152 Esenyurt became a district with law no. 5747 which was adopted on 6 March 2008 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

153 The farm is Namık Kemal neighborhood of today.

154 Esenyurt became a district with law no. 5747 which was adopted on 6 March 2008 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

155 Akasya, Açelya, Menekşe, Regnum, Erguvan, Defne, Sarmaşık, Efes, Yasemin, Orkide and Kamelya Evleri, Bahçekent Sitesi and Parkcity Konutları.

156 Akkoza Evleri, Dumankaya Modern, Maximoon Konutları, Fi-Yaka Bahçeşehir and KİPTAŞ Esenyurt 3. Etap Evleri.

157 Ardıçlı Houses.

158 KİPTAŞ Esenyurt Etap-1 is in Saadetdere neighborhood, Etap-2 in Yenikent neighborhood, Etap-4 and Etap-5 in İncirtepe neighborhood.

159 E.g. Parkway and Akbatı.

160 E.g. Marmara Park, Carrefoursa, Media Markt in Güzelyurt neighborhood, Torium and Otoport in Saadetdere neighborhood, Autopia in Atatürk neighborhood.

161 Mimsan, Evren 1st Auto Industry, Heating and Cooling Ventilation Small Scale Industry sites and Mercedes Benz Factory.

162 Fatih Industry Site.

163 Alkop Industry Site.

164 Evren 2nd Auto Industry Site.

165 The name Sağmalcılar was changed as Bayrampaşa in 1970s. Today, it is one of the districts of Istanbul.

166 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

167 Eminönü district which was one of the two districts of the historical peninsula was abolished and included in Fatih district with its 33 neighborhoods with law no. 5747 that was adopted on 6 March 2008 and put into effect in the first local elections held on 29 March 2009.

168 İstanbul Merkez, Üsküdar, Adalar, Beyoğlu, Bakırköy, Şile and Çatalca.

169 Fatih district was set up with law no. 1612 which was adopted on 15 May 1930 and put into effect on 1 September 1930 (Resmî Gazete, 21 May 1930, no. 1499, p. 8935).

170 Osman Nuri, Beledî Bilgiler, pp. 201-202.

171 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi : 1971, p. I.

172 24 neighborhoods that were set up in Fatih with Fatih Municipality Assembly’s decree no. 2008/76 on 7 July 2008 are as follows: Aksaray, Akşemsettin, Ali Kuşçu, Atikali, Ayvansaray, Balat, Cerrahpaşa, Cibali, Dervişali, Haseki Sultan, Hırka-i Şerif, İskenderpaşa, Karagümrük, Kocamustafapaşa, Mevlanakapı, Molla Gürani, Şehremini, Seyyid Ömer, Silivrikapı, Sümbül Efendi, Topkapı, Yavuz Sultan Selim, Yedikule and Zeyrek.

173 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

174 The neighborhoods that joined Sultangazi district are Sultançiftliği, Ellinciyıl, Uğur Mumcu, İsmetpaşa, Cumhuriyet, Cebeci, Malkoçoğlu, Habipler, Zübeyde Hanım, Gazi, Esentepe, Yetmişbeşinciyıl and Yunus Emre.

175 Lokmanoğlu, Haritalı Şehir Rehberi, Eki: Eyüp kazası haritası.

176 Ali Tanoğlu, “Bulgaristan Türklerinin Son Göç Hareketi (1950-1951)”, İFM, 1952, vol. 14, no. 1-4, p. 147.

177 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 252.

178 Gaziosmanpaşa has a neighborhood with the name Karadeniz (Black Sea).

179 Gaziosmanpaşa district was set up with law no. 309 which was adopted on 27 August 1963 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 11496 on 4 September 1963.

180 See footnote 21 about the abolition of the legal entities of the villages.

181 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi : 1971, p. I.

182 Bağlarbaşı, Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa, Cebeci, Fevzi Çakmak, Gazi, Habipler, Hürriyet, Karadeniz, Karlıtepe, Kâzımkarabekir, Merkez, Sarıgöl, Şemsipaşa, Yeni, Yenidoğan, Yıldız Tabya, Zübeydehanım and Ellinciyıl.

183 1997 Genel Nüfus Tespiti: İdari Bölünüş, p. 41.

184 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

185 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, s. 89.

186 Güngören was set up with law no. 3086 which was adopted on 27 May 1992 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 21247 on 3 June 1992. Avcılar, Bağcılar, Güngören, Bahçelievler, Maltepe, Sultanbeyli and Tuzla districts were founded in Istanbul on this date.

187 Birlik, Çiftehavuzlar, Davutpaşa, Fatih, Fevzi Çakmak, Habipler, Havaalanı, Karabayır, Kâzımkarabekir, Kemer, Menderes, Mimarsinan, Namık Kemal, Nine Hatun, Turgutreis and Yavuzselim.

188 E.g. Kale Kilit and Kale Çelik Eşya facilities.

189 Merter Migros in Abdurrahman Nafiz Gürman neighborhood is the first shopping center of Güngören.

190 Kale Outlet Center shopping center in Güven neighborhood.

191 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

192 The district was set up with law no. 1612 which was adopted on 15 May 1930 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 1499 on 21 May 1930. The law was put into effect on 1 September 1930.

193 Osman Nuri, Beledî Bilgiler, pp. 201, 202.

194 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi : 1971, p. I.

195 1997 Genel Nüfus Tespiti: İdari Bölünüş, p. 41.

196 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

197 1960 Genel Nüfus Sayımı, Ankara : Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1963, p. 293.

198 Kâğıthane became a district with law no. 3392 that was adopted on 19 June 1987 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 19507 on 4 July 1987.

199 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

200 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan Mekân, p. 257.

201 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

202 Küçükçekmece became a district with law no. 3392 which was adopted on 19 June 1987 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 19507 on 4 July 1987.

203 TOKİ Atakent Etap-2, Avrupa Konutları Etap-1, TOKİ Halkalı Toplu Konutları, Soyak Olimpiyat Kent Sitesi, TOKİ Halkalı Etap-5.

204 Avrupa konutları, Atakent 2, Avrupa Konutları Etap-3.

205 TOKİ Bezirganbahçe and TOKİ Göl Konutları.

206 E.g. ArenaPark which was opened in 2011 in Atakent neighborhood, and ArmoniPark in Tevfikbey neighborhood.

207 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

208 Maltepe district was set up with law no. 3806 which was adopted on 27 May 1992 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 21247 on 3 June 1992.

209 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

210 General Nurettin Baransel barracks in Büyükbakkalköy and General Kenan Evren barracks in Başıbüyük. Evren barracks were assigned to Marmara University in 2017 for the construction of its new campus.

211 Pendik district was set up with law no. 3392 which was adopted on 19 June 1987 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 19507 on 4 July 1987.

212 Pendik Batı, Pendik Doğu, Bahçelievler, Kaynarca, Yenimahalle, Şıhlı, Kurtköy, Güzelyalı, Esenyalı, Aydıntepe, İçmeler, Aydınlı, Şifa, Yayalar and Tuzla.

213 Orhanlı, Tepeören, Ballıca and Kurtdoğmuş.

214 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı, 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

215 E.g. Via Port, World Atlantis and Home City Pendik shopping centers.

216 E.g. Neomarin Pendik, Pendorya and Metro shopping centers.

217 Samandıra’s neighborhoods that were attached to Sancaktepe are Abdurrahman Gazi, Akpınar, Osman Gazi, Veysel Karani, Eyüpsultan and Fatih neighborhoods.

218 Sarıgazi’ neighborhoods that were attached to Sancaktepe are Meclis, İnönü, Merkez, Emek, Kemal Türkler and Atatürk.

219 Yenidoğan’s neighborhoods that were attached to Sancaktepe are Abdurrahman Gazi, Yunus Emre, Safa, Osman Gazi, Mevlana and Merve.

220 Sancaktepe district was set up with law no. 5747 which was adopted on 6 March 2008 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

221 See footnote 21 about the abolition of the legal entities of the villages.

222 The district was founded with law no. 1612 which was adopted on 15 May 1930 and put into effect on 1 September 1930 (Resmî Gazete, 21 May 1930, no. 1499, p. 8935).

223 Osman Nuri, Beledî Bilgiler, pp. 201, 202.

224 Ayazağa neighborhood in Şişli was attached to Sarıyer with law no. 6360 that was adopted on 12 November 2012. However, this was put into effect in the first local elections (30 March 2014) held after the enaction of the law.

225 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi : 1971, p. I.

226 See footnote 21 about the abolition of the legal entities of the villages in Istanbul.

227 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan Mekân, p. 279.

228 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

229 E.g. İstinye Park, Vadistanbul and Carrefour shopping centers.

230 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

231 Data were taken from Istanbul Regional Directorate of Forestry.

232 Statistical data were taken from Silivri Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Husbandry.

233 The old name of this road is known to be Istanbul-Bağdat road and Istanbul-Ankara road.

234 It was a farm that was sold to Jewish Colonization Union in 1911 by Hilmi Bey who was the son of Hasan Hüsnü Pasha who served as Marine minister during Abdülhamid II’s reign. The Jewish people from Russia were settled there. Jews stayed in this farm until 1920s (Vahdettin Engin et al., Sultanbeyli Tarihi, Istanbul: Sultanbeyli Belediyesi, 2013, pp. 51-53, 81).

235 Turkey Topography Map, Bursa G-22-b1 Sheet, Ankara : Harita Umum Müdürlüğü, 1957.

236 Turkey Topography Map, Bursa G 22- b1 Sheet, HGM, 1976, Ankara : Harita Genel Müdürlüğü, 1976.

237 Sultanbeyli district was founded with law no. 3806 that was adopted on 27 May 1992 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete on 3 June 1992.

238 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 57, 61.

239 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

240 Sultangazi district was set up with law no. 5747 which was adopted on 6 March 2008 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 26824 on 22 March 2008.

241 Yayla neighborhood.

242 Habipler neighborhood.

243 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

244 Istanbul Regional Directorate of Forestry data.

245 Data regarding agriculture and husbandry have been taken from District Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Husbandry.

246 District of Şişli was set up with the law no. 6324 that was adopted on 4 March 1954 and put into effect after being published in Resmî Gazete no. 8654 on 10 March 1954.

247 These 3 neighborhoods were given to Sarıyer district with law no. 6360 that was adopted on 12 November 2012 and published in Resmî Gazete no 28489 on 6 December 2012. However, this change was put into effect in the first local administration elections (held on 30 March 2014) after the enaction of the law.

248 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

249 E.g. Metrocity, Kanyon and Astoria (in Esentepe), Cevahir AVM (in 19 Mayıs), Profilo (in Gülbahar) for shopping centers, and Perpa Trade Center (in Halil Rıfat Paşa), Maya Akar Center (in Esentepe) for business centers.

250 The salt lake that gave its name to the settlement was on the edge of Tuzla Peninsula in the West of Tuzla village (Turkey Topography Map, Bursa G -22 b4 Sheet, 1957). Naval Academy is where the lake was located.

251 Tuzla district was set up with law no. 3086 which was adopted on 27 May 1992 and put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete on 3 June 1992.

252 Aydınlı, Aydıntepe, Cami, Esenyalı, Güzelyalı, İçmeler, İstasyon, Postane, Şifa and Yayla neighborhoods.

253 Akfırat, Orhanlı and Tepeören villages.

254 Mehmet Yıldız Hoşgören, “İstanbul ve Deprem”, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 2000, no. 35, p. 14.

255 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

256 Mesut Doğan, “Geçmişten Günümüze İstanbul’da Sanayileşme Süreci ve Son 10 Yıllık Gelişimi”, Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 2013, no. 27, p. 525.

257 Ümraniye became a district with law no. 3392 which was adopted on 19 June 1987 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 19507 on 4 July 1987.

258 Alemdar, Çekme, Reşadiye, Sarıgazi, Sultançiftliği and Yenidoğan. Çekme became a district with the name Çekmeköy in 2008.

259 Hüseyinli, Koçulu and Sırapınar vilages.

260 İstanbul Şehri Rehberi, İstanbul vilayet haritası; Turkey 1/25.000, Constantinople Sheet, G.S., no. 3055, Ordinance Servey, London : War Office, 1917.

261 Ümraniye district was set up with law no. 3392 which was adopted on 19 June 1987 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 19507 on 4 July 1987.

262 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan Mekân, p. 285.

263 Doğan, “Geçmişten Günümüze İstanbul’da Sanayileşme Süreci”, pp. 528, 529.

264 E.g. Carrefour, IKEA, M1 Meydan, Canpark, Akyaka, Metrogarden among others.

265 E.g. Soyak Yenişehir, KİPTAŞ Yeşil Vadi Konakları and Sinpaş (Sinpaş İstanbul Palace, Sinpaş Aqua 1, Sinpaş Aqua City II, Sinpaş Avangarden) among others.

266 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

267 Law no. 6360 which was adopted on 12 November 2012 and issued in Resmî Gazete no. 28489 on 6 December 2012.

268 Gülhane Military Medical Academy of today.

269 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200-201.

270 İstanbul Şehri İstatistik Yıllığı, 1951-1955, Istanbul: İstanbul Belediyesi Neşriyat ve İstatistik Müdürlüğü Yayınları, 1956, vol. 11, p. 4.

271 Resmî Gazete, 27 June 1957, no. 9644, p. 17440.

272 Zeytinburnu district was founded with law no. 7033 which was adopted on 19 June 1957. This law was put into effect after being issued in Resmî Gazete no. 9644 on 27 June 1957.

273 İstanbul Şehri İstatistik Yıllığı, 1955-1959, Istanbul: İstanbul Belediyesi, 1961, vol. 13, p. 6.

274 İstanbul Şehir Rehberi : 1971, p. I.

275 Today it is in the area where Maltepe neighborhood is located.

276 Today, Private Balıklı Rum Hospital.

277 Turkey 1/25.000, Constantinople Sheet; Turkey 1/25.000, Makri Keui Sheet.

278 Turkey Topography Map, İstanbul F 21 c3 Sheet, Ankara : Harita Umum Müdürlüğü, 1958. Mercedes Agency which is one of the facilities in this area is still functioning in the same place.

279 Turkey Topography Map, İstanbul F 21 c3 Sheet, HGM, Ankara : Harita Genel Müdürlüğü, 1972.

280 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan Mekân, p. 254.

281 Turkey Topography Map, İstanbul F 21 c3 Sheet, 1958.

282 Lokmanoğlu, Haritalı Şehir Rehberi, p. 6.

283 Tümertekin, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân, p. 254.

284 E.g. The Istanbul Veliefendi, Sahil Park and Denizatı Houses.

285 E.g. Ottomare Suites, OnaltıDokuz and Miramarin projects.

286 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: 34 İstanbul, pp. 200, 201.

287 Tercüman Sitesi (Merkezefendi), Zeytinbelde Sitesi (Merkezefendi), Akevler Sitesi (Seyitnizam) and Matbaacılar Sitesi (Sümer) are the primary planned housing areas. Kiptaş Topkapı Merkezefendi Houses (Seyitnizam), and Sahilpark Veliefendi Houses (Sümer) and Denizatı Kent Houses in Sümer neighborhood have been added to them in recent years.

288 E.g. Istanbul Veliefendi (Sümer), OnaltıDokuz (Kazlıçeşme) and Real Istanbul (Seyitnizam). 4th Administrative Court of Istanbul decided on the destruction of the floors of OnaltıDokuz that affected the historical silhouette of Istanbul in September 2013. OnaltıDokuz is comprised of 3 skyscrapers.